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Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

The study of heredity

A

Genetics

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2
Q

Passing on characteristics (traits) from parents to offspring so offspring resemble parents and each other

A

Heredity

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3
Q

Microbial Traits include… (4)

A
  1. Shape/Structure (morphology)
  2. Biochemical Reactions
  3. Movement and Behavior
  4. Interactions with other organisms
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4
Q

Actual, expressed properties or characteristics

A

Phenotype

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5
Q

Organisms genetic makeup (total collection of genes)

A

Genotype

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6
Q

Total genetic material in a cell, total DNA or RNA

A

Genome

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7
Q

Any factor affecting the expression of the phenotype other than the genes

A

Environment

Genotype + environment –> Phenotype

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8
Q

Genes in cells are always composed of…

A

Double stranded DNA

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9
Q

Genes hold the coded information that determines (4)

A
  1. The sequence of mRNA which determines the primary structure of a polypeptide
  2. The sequence of rRNA
  3. The sequence of tRNA
  4. The sequence of regulatory RNA
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10
Q

The flow of biological information… (6)

A
  1. Genes (genotype)
  2. mRNA and other RNA
  3. Polypeptide primary sequence
  4. Proteins (enzymes)
  5. Regulates cell chemistry
  6. Determines morphology and phenotype
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11
Q

Polymer of deoxyribonucleotides

A

DNA

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12
Q

Polymer of ribonucleotides

A

RNA

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13
Q

DNA and RNA differ in the… (2)

A
  1. Nitrogenous bases they contain

2. Sugars they contain

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14
Q

DNA nitrogenous bases… (4)

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Thymine
  3. Cytosine
  4. Guanine
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15
Q

True or Flase: In all cells DNA is always a double stranded helix?

A

True

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16
Q

The purines are?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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17
Q

The pyrimadines are…

A

Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine

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18
Q

Adenine and thymine are paired by…

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

Cytosine and Guanine are paired by…

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

How many base pairs make up one turn on the helix?

A

10 base pairs

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21
Q

The diameter of double stranded DNA is?

A

2 nm

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22
Q

RNA bases…

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Uracil
  3. Cytosine
  4. Guanine
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23
Q

Nucleic Acids contain this type of bond?

A

Phosphoodiester

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24
Q

RNA structure (single stranded?)

A

Most RNA molecules are single stranded, some are double stranded or have double stranded regions

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25
Q

3 types of RNA

A
  1. mRNA
  2. rRNA
  3. tRNA
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26
Q

Characteristics of Viral Genomes

A
  1. Either DNA or RNA- never both
  2. Single stranded or double stranded
  3. Very little or no proteins
  4. Linear or circular
  5. 20-100 genes
  6. 20,000-100,000 nucleic acids
  7. Viral genomes are packed within a capsid
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27
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Viral genomes are packed into a protein coat

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28
Q

Characteristics of Prokaryote Genomes

A
  1. Double stranded DNA
  2. 98% DNA and 2% proteins
  3. Linear, circular, or supercoiled
  4. Single piece of DNA as their bacterial chromosome
  5. 2000-5000 genes
  6. 2 -5 million nucleotides
  7. Contain plasmids
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29
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small pieces of open circular double stranded DNA in the cytoplasm

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30
Q

Eukaryotic Genome Characteristics

A
  1. Always composed of double stranded DNA
  2. Linear or circular
  3. DNA is spread over many eukaryotic chromosomes
  4. Several chromosomes
    5.
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31
Q

All members of the same species have the same number of chromosomes?

A

Species Number or Chromosomal Number

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32
Q

What is the purpose of chromosomes?

A

Organizing a lot of DNA in a little volume

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33
Q

What are the components of the eukaryotic chromosome?

A
  1. 35% DNA
  2. 64% proteins (histones and non histones)
  3. 1%RNA
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34
Q

DNA packing that is characterized by…

  • During non dividing times
  • Most loosely packed
  • Individual chromosomes exist but are not visible
35
Q

Levels of Eukaryotic Genomes (5)

A
  1. Double stranded naked DNA (2nm)
  2. Nucleosomes (10 nm)-
  3. Solenoids (30 nm)
  4. Supercoils (300 nm)
  5. Chromosome
36
Q

Nucleosomes are held together by…

A

Histone proteins

37
Q

Solenoids are held together by…

A

Histone and non histone proteins

38
Q

Supercoils are held together by…

A

Non histone proteins

39
Q

Characteristics of DNA replication (3)

A
  1. Complex process involving numerous proteins to ensure accuracy
  2. 2 strands separate and serve as a template for synthesis of a complimentary strand
  3. Each daughter gets one old stand and one new strand
40
Q

When each daughter cell obtains one old strand and one new strand

A

Semi conservative

41
Q

Characteristics of DNA synthesis in Bacteria

A
  1. Bidirectional replication from a single fork
  2. DNA is unwound at the replication fork
  3. Circular
42
Q

The entire genome in bacteria is replicated as a unit (no leading or lagging strands)

43
Q

Characteristics of DNA synthesis in Archaea

A
  1. Circular

2. More than one origin

44
Q

Characteristics of DNA synthesis in Eukaryotes

A
  1. Linear

2. Many replication forks

45
Q

Replication always proceeds in the __ to __ direction?

46
Q

Function of Deoxyribonucleotide tri phosphates (monomers)

A
  1. dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP

2. Make the new stands of DNA

47
Q

Provides the short segment of single stranded RNA and provides a 3’ -OH

A

RNA primer

48
Q

Type of RNA polymerase that makes the RNA primer

A

DNA primase

49
Q

The region of single stranded DNA attached to a double stranded DNA, opens up so replication can begin

A

Replication bubble

50
Q

The junction between single stranded DNA and double stranded DNA

A

Replication Fork

51
Q

Where does DNA replication begin?

A

Origin of Replication

52
Q

How many origins of replication are there in Prokaryotes?

53
Q

How many origins of replication are there in Eukaryotes?

54
Q
  • The first enzyme to assemble at the origin

- Unwinds the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases on opposite strands

A

DNA helicase

55
Q

-Enzyme that binds to single stranded regions of DNA behind the helicase to prevent it from coming back together before replication

A

Single Stranded Binding Proteins

56
Q

-Enzyme that relieves tension in the double stranded DNA in front of the helicases to prevent the DNA from breaking before replication is accomplished

A

DNA topoisomerases

57
Q

-Synthesizes a short stretch of complimentary RNA called the primer on each strand

58
Q

What does the primer provide?

A

-Supplies a stable 3’ -OH to which the main DNA polymerase can start to add dNTPs (new strand)

59
Q

This enzyme starts to add the dNTP’s complimentary to the ss DNA template to the 3’ -OH end of the primer

A

DNA polymerase

60
Q

DNA synthesis occurs in the…

A

5’ to 3’ direction

61
Q

DNA replication occurs in the opposite direction on the 2 strands and this is called… leading and lagging strands

A

Bidirectional Synthesis

62
Q

Characteristics of the leading strand…

A
  1. Continuous Synthesis

2. Moves smoothly behind the helicase

63
Q

Characteristics of the lagging strand…

A
  1. Discontinuous synthesis

2. Each Okazaki fragment needs one primer

64
Q

Synthesized strands on the lagging strand are called?

A

Okazaki Fragments

65
Q

Enzymes that remove the RNA primers

66
Q

Enzyme that seals any nicks in the Phosphodiester bonds

A

DNA ligase

67
Q

Enzyme that checks out the replication to see if any errors were made and they correct them

A

Mismatch Repair Enzymes

68
Q

DNA polymerases require 3 things synthesis of the complimentary strand…

A
  1. A template- directs synthesis for the complimentary strand
  2. A primer (DNA or RNA) strand
  3. dNTP’s (deoxyribonucleotides tri phosphates)
69
Q

This is a complex of 10 proteins

A

DNA polymerase III holoenzyme

70
Q

3 proteins form a…

A

Core enzyme

71
Q

How many core enzymes form a polymerase?

72
Q

The function of Polymerase?

A
  1. Catalyze synthesis

2. Proofreading for Fidelity

73
Q

This enzyme is a type of topoisomerase, it introduces negative supercoiling to help compact the bacterial chromosome

A

DNA gyrase

74
Q

Proofreading is carried out by what enzyme?

A
  1. DNA polymerase III
75
Q

Removal of mismatched base from 3’ growing strand is accomplished via this type of activity

A

Exonuclease Activity

76
Q

Replication stops when…

A

The replisome reaches the termination site on the DNA

77
Q

This forms when the 2 circular daughter chromosomes do not separate

78
Q

This enzyme temporaly breaks the DNA molecules so the strands can seperate

A

Topoisomerases

79
Q

This enzyme solves the end replication problem by synthesizing DNA using an RNA template and an internal RNA template

A

Telomerase

80
Q

What is the end replication problem? (3)

A
  1. Shortening of a chromosome after each round of replication
81
Q

How is the end replication problem solved in Eukaryotes?

A
  1. By the enzyme telomerase
82
Q

How is the end replication problem solved in Bacteria?

A
  1. By disguising the ends of the linear chromosome
83
Q

Error rates in cells are approximately…

A

10-8 or 10-11 errors per base inserted

84
Q

Accuracy is due to… (2)

A
  1. Complimentary base pairing

2. Proofreading by DNA polymerase

Microbiology (7 decks)

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