Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Genetics #2 > Flashcards

Genetics #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gene structure is…

A

Linear sequence of nucleotides with a fixed start point and an end point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Evolution of genes (3 steps)

A
  1. Gene (DNA or RNA)
  2. RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
  3. Polypeptide (protein/amino acid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The nucleotide sequence in a gene that has the information for amino acid placement on a polypeptide

A

Coding Sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The entire gene is a continuous coding sequence in…

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The gene is split into coding and noncoding regions in…

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In Eukaryotes, the nucleotide that codes for amino acids

A

Exons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In Eukaryotes, the nucleotide that does not code for amino acids and need to be removed by splicing?

A

Introns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the advantage of alternative splicing of introns?

A
  1. Provides for more than one polypeptide per gene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence

A

Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The template is READ in the…. direction?

A

3’ to 5’ direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The template strand of the DNA directs?

A

mRNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The complimentary DNA strand is also called?

A

The coding strand, same nucleotide sequence of the mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

-This is located at the start of a gene

A

Promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Functions of the Promoter? (2)

A
  1. The recognition and binding site for the RNA polymerase

2. Helps orient the polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Coding sequence begins with what DNA sequence?

A

3’- TAC- 5’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the start codon? (RNA sequence)

A

AUG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What signals the end of the coding region?

A
  1. The stop codon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What 2 things follow the stop codon?

A
  1. A trailer sequence

- This contains a terminator sequence that is used to stop transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T or F: Genes that code for tRNA may code for more than a single tRNA molecule or type of tRNA?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

t or F: Genes that code for rRNA sequence are transcribed as a single, large precursor.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Special ribonucleases that remove spacers between the coding regions after transcription?

A

Ribozymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 Types of RNA that are produced during transcription?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. rRNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function of mRNA

A

Carries the message for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of tRNA

A

Carries the amino acids during protein synthesis to the ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Function of rRNA
Molecules that are components of ribosomes
26
In bacteria, this has information for 1 polypeptide?
Monocistronic
27
In bacteria, this has information for more than one polypeptide?
Polycistronic
28
In Bacteria, this has no catalytic activity but it helps the core enzyme recognize the start of genes (aka the promotor)
Sigma Factor
29
Holoenzyme=
A core enzyme + sigma factor
30
T or F: Only the core enzyme can begin transcription
True
31
- This is the site of transcription | - Site where DNA polymerase binds to the initiate transcription
Promotor
32
The sigma factor recognizes...
The specific sequences located before the transcription starting point which is recognized by specific amino acids and it helps the binding factor of the RNA polymerase to correctly position the RNA polymerase
33
After binding, this enzyme unwinds the DNA
RNA polymerase
34
Characteristics of the Transcription bubble in Bacteria...
1. Moves with the polymerase as it transcribes mRNA from the template strand 2. Within the bubble a temporary RNA:DNA hybrid is formed
35
In Bacteria, Transcription termination occurs when...
1. The RNA polymerase dissociates from the template DNA | 2. DNA sequences mark the end of a gene in the trailer and terminator
36
In Bacteria, Some terminators require the aid of an...
Rho factor for termination
37
Ways in which Eukaryote transcription differs from Prokaryote (5)
1. Eukaryote transcription occurs in the nucleus 2. RNA products must move to cytoplasm for translation 3. Eukaryotic protein coding genes are Monocistronic 4. Eukaryotic genes are split or interrupted (exons and introns) 5. Primary transcript must undergo RNA processing before it can be translated
38
3 major types of RNA polymerases
1. RNA polymerase II 2. RNA polymerase 1 3. RNA polymerase III
39
Function of RNA polymerase II
Cataylzes mRNA synthesis
40
Function of RNA polymerase 1
Cataylzes rRNA synthesis
41
Function of RNA polymerase III
Synthesizes the tRNA molecules
42
Instead of sigma factors, Archaea and Eukarya use...
Transcription factors
43
Proteins that bind to the DNA and line the polymerase up to it correctly
Transcription Factors
44
RNA transcribed from protein coding genes are called...
Primary Transcript
45
The Primary Transcript is...
Not the final mRNA and it can't be translated
46
What doe the Primary transcript undergo in the nucleus?
Post-transcriptional Modification
47
Modifications of Primary Transcript result in...
The final mRNA that can be moved into the cytoplasm and translated
48
The 3 steps that RNA Processing includes...
1. 5' cap of 7- Methlyguanosine 2. Addition of 3' Poly-A Tail 3. Removal of introns and splicing together axons
49
What are the functions of the cap and the tail? (3)
1. Protect mRNA 2. Signals that it is ready to go to the cytoplasm 3. Helps the ribosome recognize the mRNA in cytoplasm
50
Introns are removed from the initial RNA transcript by...
RNA splicing
51
Slicing of the pre-RNA occurs in a large complex called?
Splicosome
52
When the pre-RNA is spliced so different patterns of exons remain...
Alternative Splicing
53
Characteristics of Transcription in Archaea...
1. Polycistronic 2. Polymerase II (mRNA) 3. Introns
54
Converting the mRNA to an amino acid sequence
Translation
55
The relationship between specific nucleotide sequence in a gene, the corresponding mRNA, and a specific amino acid
Genetic Code
56
The sequence of 3 sequential ribonucleotides in mRNA that determine a specific amino acid
Codon
57
Characteristics of Codons
1. Genetic code word (3 base pairs long) 2. Complimentary to DNA triplets 3. Anticodon on tRNA is complimentary
58
Characteristics of the Start Codon (2)
1. Start site for translation | 2. Always AUG
59
The 61 codons that specify amino acids
Sense Codons
60
- The 3 codons used as translation termination signals | - Do not encode amino acids
Stop (Nonsense Codons)
61
Up to 6 codons can code for a single
Code Redundancy
62
Protist exception to the stop codon
They use a single stop codon and the other 2 code for amino acids
63
Microbe exception to the stop codon
Some microbes incorporate 2 rare amino acids into polypeptides - Selenocysteine - Pyrrolysine
64
The synthesis of a polypeptide is directed by...
Sequence of nucleotides in mRNA
65
The direction of synthesis of a polypeptide goes from the __ terminal to the __ terminal?
The N terminal to the C terminal in polypeptide
66
In what organelle does translation occur?
Ribosomes (within the cytoplasm tho)
67
A complex of mRNA with several ribosomes
Polyribosome
68
What is the role of a tRNA?
To bring the correct amino acid to the correct codon (mRNA)
69
Characteristic and Function of Anticodon?
1. Complimentary to the codon 2. Binds the codon 3. Brings correct amino acid to the codon
70
What end (3' or 5') of the tRNA binds to the amino acid?
3' end
71
- This organelle is composed of protein and ribosomal RNA | - Site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
72
Structure of prokaryotic ribosomes
70S ribosomes = 30S and 50S subunits
73
What is responsible for translation on the ribosome?
Translational Domain
74
Peptide bond formation is catalyzed by...
Peptidyl Transferase of 23S rRNA in large subunit
75
During peptide bond formation, the amino group of the A site reacts with the...
Carboxyl group of the C-terminal amino acid on the P site
76
Peptide chain is transferred from the __ site to the __ site
P site to the A site
77
What are the 3 stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
78
-These aid in the recognition of the stop codons
Release Factors
79
How many release factors are in Prokaryotes?
3
80
How many release factors are in Eukaryotes?
1
81
What is required for release factors?
GTP hydrolysis

Microbiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions