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bio 11 exam > genetics > Flashcards

genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the stages of mitosis

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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2
Q

interphase I

(4)

A
  • Chromosomes replicate
  • Chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere
  • Centrioles move towards opposite poles of the cell
  • chromatin condense into chromosomes
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3
Q

prophase I

(4)

A
  • Chromosomes condense & come together in homologous pairs (synapsis)
  • Each pair is composed of 4 chromatids, they form a tetrad
  • Crossing over occurs & permits the exchange of genetic material between homologous pairs
  • Nuclear membrane disintegrates
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4
Q

metaphase I

(2)

A
  • Pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologues) line up at the equator by independent assortment
  • Spindle fibres attach to centromere
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5
Q

anaphase I

(2)

A
  • Homologues separate, one of each pair going to each pole of the cell
  • Sister chromatids do not separate; they are still attached by a centromere
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6
Q

telophase I & cytokinesis

(3)

A
  • Two clusters of chromosomes have formed, each containing one member of each pair homologues
  • Cytokinesis occurs
  • There is little or no interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II
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7
Q

prophase II

(2)

A
  • Chromosomes have relaxed after telophase. They recondese
  • Spindle fibers reform
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8
Q

metaphase II

(2)

A
  • Sister cromatids line up along the metaphase plate
  • Spindle fibres attach at the centromere
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9
Q

anaphase II

(2)

A
  • Spindle fibres shorten and sister chromatids separate and are now individual chromotids
  • Move towards opposite poles
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10
Q

telophase II & cytokinesis

(2)

A
  • Spindle fibres disappear; the nuclear membrane and nucleus reform
  • After cytokinesis, 4 unique daughter cells have formed, each with a haploid number (n) of chromosomes
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11
Q

how many chromsomes do somatic cells have

A

46

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12
Q

how many chromosomes do gametes have

A

23

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13
Q

genotype

A

The combination of alleles for a trait e.g., Rr. The collection of alleles that an individual contains (i.e., the letter ‘code’)

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14
Q

phenotype

A

The physical appearance of a trait. It is based on genotype; e.g., RR and Rr can be described as round pea seeds; whereas rr can be described as a wrinkled pea seed.

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15
Q

allele

A

the alternate forms of a gene

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16
Q

gene

A

sections of DNA that contain genetic information for the inheritance of specific traits

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17
Q

dominant

A

The form of a trait that will always appear (be expressed) when an individual has an allele for it.

18
Q

recessive

A

The form of a trait that will only appear (be expressed) if the individual has 2 alleles for it.

19
Q

trait

A

a specific characteristic stored within the genetic material of an organism, that determines some specific aspect of how it looks or behaves.

20
Q

diploid

A

refers to twice the number of chromosomes in a gamete (2n). Every cell of the body is diploid except the sex cells.

21
Q

haploid

A

a cell with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell, referred to as n

22
Q

homozygous

A

describes the genotype of an individual with two alleles that are the same

23
Q

heterozygous

A

describes the genotype of an individual with two alleles for the same gene that are different

24
Q

co-dominance

A

a pattern of inheritance where both alleles are expressed at the same time (spots or stripes)

25
Q

complete dominance

A

when one allele is fully dominant over the other. The trait displayed will be dominant if the child is monohybrid (AA) or dihybrid (Aa)

25
Q

incomplete dominance

A

no allele is either dominant or recessive (blending)

26
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

paired chromosomes similar in size and gene arrangement, but different alleles

27
Q

sister chromatids

A

a chromosome and its duplicate, attached to one another by a centromere

28
Q

monohybrid cross

A

A cross where only one trait is being tested

28
Q

dihybrid cross

A

A cross where two traits are being tested

29
Q

non-disjunction

A

The failure of chromosomes to separate properly

29
Q

trisomy

A

inheriting one extra chromosome can result in various syndromes

30
Q

trisomy 21

A

down

31
Q

trisomy 18

A

edward

32
Q

trisomy 13

A

patau

33
Q

XXY

A

klinefelter

34
Q

XYY

A

jacobs

35
Q

XXX

A

triple X

36
Q

monosomy

A

inheriting one less chromosome

37
Q

XO

A

turner

bio 11 exam (7 decks)

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