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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Science of heredity and variation

A

Genetics

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2
Q

Passing down of traits in the form of genes from parents to their children

A

Heredity

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3
Q

Difference in genes between individuals or groups of individuals

A

Variation

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4
Q

Specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another

A

Trait

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5
Q

Different possibilities for a given trait

A

Allele

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6
Q

Every trait has atleast how many alleles?

A

2

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7
Q

Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

A

Genes

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8
Q

Father of genetics who identified specific traits in the garden pea

A

Gregor Mendel

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9
Q

Mendel’s conclusion

A

Law of dominance, Law of segregation, law of independent assortment

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10
Q

Hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype

A

Law of dominance

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11
Q

Two alleles for each trait separate when gametes form

A

Law of segregation

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12
Q

Parents pass only one allele for each trait to each offspring

A

Law of segregation

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13
Q

When the two parent differ from one another by one trait only

A

Monohybrid cross

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14
Q

Alleles of different genes are inherited independently within the organisms that reproduce sexually

A

Law of independent assortment

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15
Q

Independent assortment takes place during the process of what?

A

Meiosis

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16
Q

The gene combination an organism has

A

Genotype

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17
Q

The way an organism looks

A

Phenotype

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18
Q

The genetic makeup of an organism

A

Genotype

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19
Q

The physical characteristics of an organism

A

Phenotype

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20
Q

Organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait

A

Homozygous

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21
Q

Organism that has two different alleles for the same trait

A

Heterozygous

22
Q

Result of the cross

A

First filial generation

23
Q

Result of the cross

A

First filial generation

24
Q

When one allele is not completely dominant over another

A

Incomplete dominance

25
Q

When both alleles are expressed

A

Codominance

26
Q

Humans have how many chromosomes and pairs?

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

27
Q

22 pairs are homologous which are called

A

Autosomes

28
Q

1 pair is what?

A

Sex chromosomes

29
Q

Sex chromosomes are homologous (XX)

A

Females

30
Q

Sex chromosomes are different (XY)

A

Males

31
Q

Genes for these traits are located only on the X chromosomes at the 23rd spot

A

Sex-linked traits

32
Q

3 or more alleles of the same gene that code for a single trait

A

Multiple Alleles

33
Q

Dominant blood

A

A and B

34
Q

Recessive blood

A

O

35
Q

Graphic representation of how a trait is passed from parents to offspring

A

Pedigreees

36
Q

Linked genes sit close together on a chromosome, making them likely to be inherited together

A

Gene linkage

37
Q

When one gene mutation results in two or more seemingly unrelated observable traits

A

Pleiotropy

38
Q

Describes a certain relationship between genes, where an allele of one gene hides or masks the visible output or phenotype of another gene

A

Epistasis

39
Q

A picture of an individual’s chromosome

A

Karyotype

40
Q

A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining the sex of the individual

A

Autosome

41
Q

A chromosome that is directly involved in determining the sex of the individual

A

Sex chromosome

42
Q

Stable, heritable change in the genetic material

A

Mutation

43
Q

Any change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in the DNA

A

Mutation

44
Q

One base is incorrectly added during replication and replaces the pair

A

Point mutation or single base pair

45
Q

One or more extra nucleotides are inserted into replicating DNA

A

Frameshift mutation by insertion

46
Q

One or more nucleotides is “skipped” during replication or otherwise exercised

A

Frameshift mutation by deletion

47
Q

Associated with random changes that cause errors when DNA is produced in the cell

A

Spontaneous Mutations

48
Q

the process in which the individuals are selected from a mixed population based on the phenotype

A

Mass selection

49
Q

Crossing of two different but closely related strains

A

Hybridization

50
Q

Opposite of hybridization; involves self-pollination of a single parent

A

Inbreeding

Biology (6 decks)

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