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Biology Midterms > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA Structure vs RNA Structure

A

DNA is a double helix, double-stranded.
RNA is single-stranded

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2
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

They include the bases Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil.

In DNA; Adenine connects to Thymine (2 hydrogen bonds), and Guanine connects to Cytosine. (3 hydrogen bonds). In RNA, Adenine connects to Uracil (2 hydrogen bonds), and Guanine connects to Cytosine.

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil are all Pyrimidines that have one carbon ring. Adenine and Guanine are Purines that have 2 fused carbon rings.

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3
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of nucleotides in DNA that carry information about the organism.

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4
Q

Transcription

A

Messenger RNA transcribes DNA onto itself. It then is sent to the ribosomes with only the exons, not the introns remaining. It is protected when traveling to the ribosomes by a 5’ G-cap and a Poly-A tail.

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5
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA; encodes genetic info from DNA. The information is translated at the ribosomes.

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6
Q

Translation

A

The translation of mRNA in the ribosomes. The mRNA code is translated by tRNA and then creates strands of amino acids.

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7
Q

Codons and Anticodons

A

Codons are a specific 3-nucleotide sequence to which a tRNA molecule binds. Anticodons are the complimentary 3 nucleotides that match with the codon triplet.

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8
Q

Ribosome

A

Cell structures that consist of RNA and protein. This is where the process of translation takes place. Looks like a hamburger.

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9
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA; is a type of RNA that functions as an interpreter in translation. Each tRNA molecule has a specific anti-codon.

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10
Q

Polypeptide Chain

A

Chain of amino acids that are the result of translation.

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11
Q

Sources of Genetic Variation

A
  • Crossing Over
  • Mutations
  • Random Fertilization
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12
Q

Meiosis

A

The process in which four haploid daughter cells are made. Happens twice. Interphase. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Repeat PMAT

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13
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells; haploid egg or sperm

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14
Q

Fertilization

A

Process in which an egg and a sperm create a zygote.

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15
Q

Haploid/Diploid

A

Diploid cells contain two homologous sets of chromosomes. Haploid cells contain a single set of chromosomes.

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16
Q

Mutation

A

Change in gene info of a cell. Ultimate source of gene diversity.

17
Q

Point/ Substitution Mutations

A
  • Silent Mutation: Change in codon that result in no change in amino acids
  • Missense Mutation: Change in codon that result in a change of amino acid
  • Nonsense Mutation: Change in codon that result in a stop codon, making a shorter polypeptide.
17
Q

Frameshift (Insertion or Deletion) Mutations

A
  • Frameshift: Change in codons as a result of a deletion or insertion. Changes entirety of triplet grouping.
18
Q

Mutagen

A

Chemical or physical agent that reacts with DNA and causes mutations

19
Q

Chromosome

A

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and proteins found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

20
Q

Crossing Over

A

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes, occurs during Prophase.

21
Q

Alleles

A

Version of gene (trait)

22
Q

Polygenic traits

A

A polygenic trait is a characteristic, such as height or skin color, that is influenced by two or more genes.

23
Q

Gene Technology

A

The alteration of genes with the use of technology. Interchangeable gametes
Examples:
- CRISPR (Search, Cut, Edit)
- GMO’s
- Cloning

24
Q

Epigenetics

A

Above genetics. Study of the changes in organisms due to the modification of gene expression.
Examples:
- X Inactivation
- Methylation and Acetylation (Turn on and off)

25
Q

Pedigrees

A

A type of chart that shows a trait passing down through multiple generations

26
Q

Homozygous/ Heterozygous

A

Homozygous: Having 2 of the same types of alleles. It can either be homozygous dominant (RR) or recessive (rr).

Heterozygous: Having two different types of alleles. (Rr)

27
Q

Phenotype/ Genotype

A

Phenotype: The observable characteristic of an organism

Genotype: Genetic information of a trait

28
Q

Punnet Squares

A

Charts that track the percentage of a child having a certain trait.

29
Q

Complete Dominance

A

The dominant allele completely dominates over the recessive allele

30
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

The dominant allele doesn’t completely mask the recessive allele

31
Q

Codominance

A

More than one dominant allele. Both are expressed.

32
Q

Sex-Linked Trait

A

Traits located on either the X or Y chromosome. Example: X^h

Biology Midterms (4 decks)

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