Genetics Flashcards
What are haploid cells and diploid Cells?
Haploid cells are gametes, they contain half the genetic material of a normal cell.
When it combines with one another, they form a normal cell with two sets of Genetic info, they are called diploid cells.
What are gametes?
Sex cells (Sperm cells and egg cells)
What are chromosomes?
chromosomes are located in the nucleus of a cell. there are 46 in every cell, they contain genetic information. They are all made of 2 sets, 23 from the mother and 23 from the father.
How is DNA Structured?
Made of 2 strands called a double helix
Polymer, made of small nucleotides (monomers)
sugar-phosphate bonds for each nucleotide
There are 4 different bases: ATCG
What is ATCG?
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Gaunine
How to Replicate and transcribe: TAC CCG ATA ACA ACT
TAC CCG ATA ACA ACT
Replication:
ATG GGC TAT TGT TGA
Transcription
AUG GGC UAU UGU UGA
How is mRNA different from DNA?
mRNA is a copy of a single gene. It is a lot shorter than GNA. It is only a single strand. it contains uracil instead of thymine.
How does transcription occur?
mRNA is created by copying template DNA and then getting then it then leaves the nucleus and enters the ribosome.
How does translation occur?
mRNA enters the ribosome, they bind together. the ribosomes add one amino acid at a time, they are brought using tRNA, and they have an amino acid at the top and anti codon at the bottom. The bases are complementary to based on the mRNA. This determines which amino acid is created.
What is mitosis?
It is a process of cell division that is used in growth and cell repair.
IPMATC - Mitosis: What happens in the interphase?
The chromosomes become 2 identical chromatids by splitting
46 - 92
IPMATC - Mitosis: What happens in the prophase?
The chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form
IPMATC - Mitosis: What happens in the metaphase?
The spindle fibers attatch to the chromosomes and the chromosomes line up at the centre of the nucleus
IPMATC - Mitosis: What happens in the anaphase?
The spindle fibers shorten and divide the chromosmes into 2 seperate chromatids
IPMATC - Mitosis: What happens in the telophase?
A nuclear membrane occurs around each set of chromosomes, the spindle fibers break down.
IPMATC - Mitosis: What happens in cytokinesis?
The cell membrane pinches in and turns them both into 2 cells.
IPMATC - Meiosis What happens in interphase 1?
Dna replication, the chromosmes split into 2 chromatids
IPMATC - Meiosis What happens in prophase 1?
The chromes pair together, one from mother and one from the father.
IPMATC - Meiosis What happens in metaphase 1?
One chromatid from each side tangles with another. New genetic combinations are created.
IPMATC - Meiosis What happens in anaphase 1?
The spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart.
IPMATC - Meiosis What happens in the Telpophase and Cytokinesis 1?
the cells pinch apart from the middle and the nuclear membrane reforms around it.
IPMATC - Meiosis What happens in the prophase 2?
Each cell has 46 chromosomes. The process is the same but there is no replication. The chromosomes align.
IPMATC - Meiosis What happens in the metaphase 2?
Spindle fibers form
IPMATC - Meiosis What happens in the anaphase 2?
The spindle fibers pull them apart.
IPMATC - Meiosis What happens in the telophase 2?
The cells are pinched together with 4 new daughter cells being formed. All cells with 23 chromosomes.
Differences between Meiosis and mitosis?
mitosis
chromosome number remains the same, 2n or diploid
no genetic variation, daughter cells are
identical to the parent cell
somatic cells
2 daughter cells are formed
for growth and repair
involves one cell division
meiosis
chromosome number reduced to half, n or haploid
genetic variation occurs due to synapsis
germ cells or gametes
4 daughter cells are formed
to restore chromosomal number after fertilisation
involves 2 successive cell divisions
