Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Allele

A

A version of a gene.

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2
Q

Amino acids

A

Small molecules from which proteins are assembled.

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

A long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information in the form
of genes.

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4
Q

Coding DNA

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for the production of a protein.

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5
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

Describes how weak hydrogen bonds form between
complementary base pairs. A pairs with T and C pairs with G

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6
Q

Diploid cell

A

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (i.e. a full set of
chromosomes).

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7
Q

Diploid cell

A

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (i.e. a full set of
chromosomes).

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8
Q

DNA

A

A double-stranded polymer, wound to form a double helix, that carries the genetic
code.

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9
Q

Dominant

A

Describes an allele that is always expressed. Represented by a capital letter

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10
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells (sperm and egg cells) with half the usual number of chromosomes.

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11
Q

Gene

A

A length of DNA on a chromosome that codes for the production of a specific protein.

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12
Q

Genome

A

The complete genetic material of an organism.

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13
Q

Genotype

A

An organism’s genetic composition. Describes all alleles.

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14
Q

Haploid cell

A

A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome (i.e. half the number of
chromosomes)

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15
Q

Heterozygous

A

When someone has two different alleles of a gene, e.g. Ff

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16
Q

Homozygous

A

When someone has two identical alleles of a gene, e.g. ff

17
Q

Human genome project

A

An international research project involving thousands of scientists
which successfully mapped the entire human genome.

18
Q

Meiosis

A

A form of cell division that produces four genetically different daughter cells
(gametes) with a haploid number of chromosomes.

19
Q

Mutation

A

A random change in the base sequence of DNA which may result in genetic
variants. Mutations may be beneficial, damaging, or neutral.

20
Q

Nucleotides

A

The monomers of DNA consisting of a common sugar, a phosphate group
and one of four chemical bases (A, T, C, G) attached to the sugar.

21
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’s observable characteristics due to interactions of the genotype
and the environment.

22
Q

Protein

A

A large molecule that is synthesised from amino acids.

23
Q

Recessive

A

Describes an allele that is only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele.
Represented by a small letter.

24
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

A form of reproduction that creates genetic variation, involving the
fusion of male and female gametes.

25
Q

Variation

A

The differences between individuals due to genes, the environment or a
combination of both.

26
Q

Zygote

A

A diploid cell formed by the fusion of the nucleus of a male gamete with the
nucleus of a female gamete