Genetics

Question 1

Why do people respond differently to a similar environmental trigger?

( Gen + Environ)

Answer 1

• Genetic make-up (NATURE)
  – Evolution
  – Parental traits (colour of skin, height, intelligence, ability to sing)
• Factors in their environment (NURTURE/experience)
  – How they are ‘feeling’ at the time (hungry, tired, happy, hot)
  – Previous experiences (or taught a skill or how to behave)
  – Culture

Question 2

Where are chromosomes found ?

Answer 2

every cell of our body : they contain our genes!

Question 3

What do genes do?

Answer 3

They drive the function of our cells

Question 4

How many chromosomes do we have ?

Answer 4

46: (23 pairs)
*Diag P100

Question 5

What is the difference between male and female chromosomes?

Answer 5

Females: XX, Males: XY
So males give sex of child : ie give X or Y

Question 6

What are genes?

Answer 6

Are regions of DNA: our hereditary - information from one generation to another

Question 7

What is DNA? ( deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 7

Double strands of nucleotides ( base pairs): in nucleus of cells.
* Diag: p101

Question 8

What is the nucleus?

Answer 8

Membrane bound cell: contains chromosomes made of of genes to enable cell survival.
*Cells make up organs
Diag p 102

Question 9

Overview of Genes? C - DNA - P- AA

Answer 9

• Chromosomes are made up of genes ( or particular sequences of DNA)
• DNA is essential for life: DNA in each gene programmes the manufacture of different proteins
• Proteins are made with amino acids
• Amino acids are obtained from our diet and are the building blocks of life

Question 10

What are the 9 essential Amino Acids to make our proteins ( for life) ?

HILLMPTTV

“He Lazy, lazy monkey Puff The tiny vape”

Answer 10

1. Histidine
2. Isoleucine
3. Leucine
4. Lysine - beans
5. Methionine
6. Phenylalanine
7. Threonine
8. Tryptophan - turkey/ sesame seeds (e.g.)
9. Valine
   *It is very important that you include these
   amino acids in your diet!!

• see P 104

Question 10

Overview the making of proteins?

Gen > P > Cells etc or enzymes ( for CHEM. reactions so bod func well)

Answer 10

Genetic info gets translated into proteins for use in the body:
- May become tissues/ cells
OR enzymes: catalysts for chemical reactions so body functions normally ( EG: Saliva has enzyme: amylase which breakdown sugar)

*Diag 104 - 5

Question 11

What is Mitosis? ( Replication of SAME)

Answer 11

Cells repliacated to produce same cells with same genetic information
p106

Question 12

What is Meiosis? ( SEX REPROD)

Answer 12

Sex cells divide and recombine to mix up genetic information ( sexual reproduction)
P 106

Question 13

Give example of genes being responsible for our characteristics? ( eyes etc

Answer 13

Color of eyes, color of skin, height, intelligence , speed

Question 14

Homozygous vs heterozygous? ( 2 identical gen on chromes pair : the HOMO)

Answer 14

• If a chromosome contains two identical genes on the chromosome
  pair we are HOMOZYGOUS for that gene (characteristic)
• If a chromosome contains two different genes (for the same characteristic) we are said to be HETEROZYGOUS for that gene

*p108 - 9

Question 15

Genetic mutations: alterations or deletions of genetic sequences : good or not: give eg’s ( Down’s )

Answer 15

Failure to divide in reproduction: “Down syndrome: 3 chromes at CHR 21”

Peppered moth: mutation to black moth ( occurred during industrial revolution

Question 16

Epigenetics and Gene expression: give an overview ?

Answer 16

Behaviour can be influenced without mutations ( permenant genetic changes )

Same can be expressed ( activated) to differing degrees

If Chemical environment in cell changes: histories tighten or release grip on DNA: regulating gene expression P 111

Question 17

How is our behaviour shaped?

Answer 17

By our genes and environment

The less an effect of enviornment on behaviour: shows behaviour has HIGH heritability ( genes strong)

LOW heritability ( environment strong effect)