Genetics Flashcards
The study of heredity (passing of traits from parents to offspring)
Genetics:
Father of Heredity
Gregor Mendel
he experimented with ____ and scientific name______
pea plants (Pisum sativum)
He used pea plants because they:
■ were easy to grow
■ have easily identifiable traits
■ have large numbers of samples to work
with
MENDELIAN EXPERIMENT:
create a pure or true-breeding generation
Removed the stamen to ensure self-pollination
Ensured purity of true-breeding and then crossed the
plants
He called the offspring F1 generation also known as
he first filial generation
When the pure yellow peas were crossed with
pure green peas
all the offspring became yellow.
An offspring with contrasting traits (evident in the F2 generation).
Hybrid
Mendel concluded that inheritance is:
determined by factors passed on from one generation to another. This is due to genetics.
are characteristics.
Traits
are representations of traits usually in the form of
capital letters and small letters.
Alleles
Represented by capital
letters; usually mask other traits.
Dominant Alleles
Represented by small letters; hidden/masked
Recessive Alleles
Alleles with the same trait
Homozygous Alleles
2 types of Homozygous Alleles
Homozygous dominant
homozygous recessive
Alleles with different traits
Heterozygous/Hybrid Alleles
2 types of Heterozygous/Hybrid Alleles
Heterozygous dominant
heterozygous recessive
Refers to the genetic material or composition (represented by alleles; INTERNAL
Genotype
refers to the observable characteristics or traits (EXTERNAL)
Phenotype
_____ influences____
Genotype-Phenotype
Mendelian Genetics have:
LIMITATIONS: Human traits
(e.g. skin color) are non-binary
James Watson and Francis Crick proposed
double-helix model of the DNA
Nitrogenous Bases:
Include Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
Chargaff’s rule
Guanine is always partnered with Cytosine while Adenine is always paired with Thymine.
building blocks of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
Nucleotides is made up of
sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
occurs when a DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division
DNA Replication
Occurs when DNA is replicated into RNA
DNA Transcription
translate codons into amino acid sequences
DNA translation
are the sites of translation
Ribosome
affect cellular structures and bodily
functions
Proteins
are located inside the nucleus of animals and plant cells.
Chromosomes
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
22:
1:
Autosome;sex chromosome
Types of Genetic Tools
Pedigree Chart
Karyotyping
Chromosome Maps
Diagrams that depict family relationships and inheritance patterns of traits or diseases
Pedigree Chart
Charts that show the
number, arrangement, and structure of chromosomes inside the nucleus of an organism
Karyotyping
Diagrams showing the position of genes in a chromosome strand
Chromosome Maps
Changes in the chromosome structure that interferes with its normal functions 4 ways?
Duplication
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
A chromosome segment is repeated in the same strand.
Duplication
A portion of a chromosome is erased or deleted.
Deletion
Part of a chromosome is expressed backward.
Inversion
Part of a chromosome is moved to another chromosome.
Translocation
Changes in Chromosome structure
Mutations
A group of physical characteristics or symptoms of a disease/disorder
GENETIC SYNDROMES
Genotypic abnormalities in genes or chromosomes.
May or may not be inherited
GENETIC DISORDERS
A chromosomal condition caused by the presence of another or a part of chromosome 21.
Trisomy 21 or Down Syndrome
Evolution is caused by one or a combination of the following four (4) forces:
Mutation
Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Reproductive Isolation(bonus)
