Genetics

Question 1

How can gene mutations occur

Answer 1

Substitution
Addition
Deletion

Question 2

What are the causes of mutation

Answer 2

Germ line mutations
Damaged nucleotides
Break down of dna by mutagens

Question 3

What happens if mutations happen in somatic cells

Answer 3

All cell affected and can become malignant

Question 4

Genetic mutations can cause what

Answer 4

Hereditary disease

Question 5

How do harmful mutations come about

Answer 5

Usually inherited as autosomal recessive traits

Question 6

What is chromosomal aberration

Answer 6

Blocks of chromosomes may be rearranged during meiosis ( could be non disjunction

Question 7

What is genetic engineering

Answer 7

Direct manipulation of an agrarians genes

Question 8

What is a biotechnological technique

Answer 8

The process of cutting up and and splicing genes in dna molecules and introducing them to other organisms

Question 9

What is the process of creating human insulin

Answer 9

DNA with gene for insulin is removed from pancreatic cells
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites
A plasmid from e coli is removed and cut open then Lucas’s joins dna into plasmid =recom =vector insert

Question 10

What are the 2 methods of creating gmos

Answer 10

Gene gun and recombinant dna technique

Question 11

Explain the gene gun method

Answer 11

Pellets of metal are coated in the desirable dna and shot into the plants

Question 12

Explain the recombinant DNA technique

Answer 12

T1 plasmid is removed from bacterium the restriction enzyme cuts the plasmid ligament splices the gene into the plasmid integrates into the cells dna grown by tissue culture

Question 13

What are the advantages of gmos

Answer 13

Higher yields
Better quality
Protect and preserve the environment
Resistant to pests

Question 14

What is cloning

Answer 14

The process used to creat an exact genetic copy of another gene cell or tissue

Question 15

What are the types of cloning

Answer 15

Gene cloning using plasmids
Reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning

Question 16

What can therapeutic cloning be used to do

Answer 16

Creat whole new organs and healthy new cell can be generated

Question 17

What are stem cells

Answer 17

Undifferentiated cells found in all multicellular organisms

Question 18

What are the sources of stem cells

Answer 18

Embryonic stem cells (3-5 day old embryo)

Tissue stem cells (many tissues of the body)

Question 19

What are the uses of stem Cells

Answer 19

Replace damaged cells

Generate whole organs

Question 20

What is mtDNA

Answer 20

A double stranded ring like shape found in mitochondria and come from oocyte

Question 21

What is mtDNA used for

Answer 21

To trace maternal lineage and family history

Question 22

How is mtDNA used

Answer 22

Reconstruct family maternal linked relationships
Forensic cases where dna is degraded
Determine if sibs have same mom

Question 23

What is gene cloning using a plasmid

Answer 23

Eg insulin
A t1 plasmid is removed from a bacterium and cut using a restriction enzyme then the desired gene is interstates into the plasmid via ligase put back into bacterium then vector grows

Question 24

Therapeutic cloning

Answer 24

Nucleus from donor 
Egg cell from donor 
Grows 6-7 days 
Mitosis 
Embryo 
Remove cells that could become a baby 
Harvest stem cells 
Grown in culture

Question 25

Reproductive cloning

Answer 25

Donor egg donor cell 
Electrical pulse fuses them together
Mitosis 
Embryo 
Then in host mother