Genetics Flashcards
How can gene mutations occur
Substitution
Addition
Deletion
What are the causes of mutation
Germ line mutations
Damaged nucleotides
Break down of dna by mutagens
What happens if mutations happen in somatic cells
All cell affected and can become malignant
Genetic mutations can cause what
Hereditary disease
How do harmful mutations come about
Usually inherited as autosomal recessive traits
What is chromosomal aberration
Blocks of chromosomes may be rearranged during meiosis ( could be non disjunction
What is genetic engineering
Direct manipulation of an agrarians genes
What is a biotechnological technique
The process of cutting up and and splicing genes in dna molecules and introducing them to other organisms
What is the process of creating human insulin
DNA with gene for insulin is removed from pancreatic cells
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites
A plasmid from e coli is removed and cut open then Lucas’s joins dna into plasmid =recom =vector insert
What are the 2 methods of creating gmos
Gene gun and recombinant dna technique
Explain the gene gun method
Pellets of metal are coated in the desirable dna and shot into the plants
Explain the recombinant DNA technique
T1 plasmid is removed from bacterium the restriction enzyme cuts the plasmid ligament splices the gene into the plasmid integrates into the cells dna grown by tissue culture
What are the advantages of gmos
Higher yields
Better quality
Protect and preserve the environment
Resistant to pests
What is cloning
The process used to creat an exact genetic copy of another gene cell or tissue
What are the types of cloning
Gene cloning using plasmids
Reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning
What can therapeutic cloning be used to do
Creat whole new organs and healthy new cell can be generated
What are stem cells
Undifferentiated cells found in all multicellular organisms
What are the sources of stem cells
Embryonic stem cells (3-5 day old embryo)
Tissue stem cells (many tissues of the body)
What are the uses of stem Cells
Replace damaged cells
Generate whole organs
What is mtDNA
A double stranded ring like shape found in mitochondria and come from oocyte
What is mtDNA used for
To trace maternal lineage and family history
How is mtDNA used
Reconstruct family maternal linked relationships
Forensic cases where dna is degraded
Determine if sibs have same mom
What is gene cloning using a plasmid
Eg insulin
A t1 plasmid is removed from a bacterium and cut using a restriction enzyme then the desired gene is interstates into the plasmid via ligase put back into bacterium then vector grows
Therapeutic cloning
Nucleus from donor Egg cell from donor Grows 6-7 days Mitosis Embryo Remove cells that could become a baby Harvest stem cells Grown in culture
Reproductive cloning
Donor egg donor cell Electrical pulse fuses them together Mitosis Embryo Then in host mother
