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Biology Matric > Dna > Flashcards

Dna Flashcards

1
Q

What do nucleic acids do

A

Store information that controls cellular activity

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2
Q

What di nucleic acids control

A

Protein synthesis and chemical processes

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3
Q

Where is dna found

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Two types of nucleic acid

A

Deoxyribo nucleic acid

Ribonucleic acid

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5
Q

What does dna form

A

An important part of the chromosomes that form the chromatin network

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6
Q

What is a gene

A

Secrions of dna molecules that contain hereditary info

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7
Q

Structure of dna

A

Doible helix
1 sugar
1 phoshate
1 nitro base

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8
Q

What are the nitro bases

A

Adenine with thymine

Cytosin with guanine

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9
Q

Which of the nitro bases are pyrimidines

A

Thymine and cytosine

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10
Q

Which of the nitro bases are purines

A

Adenine and guanine

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11
Q

What is dnas role

A

Hereditary information in the form of genes
Coding for protein
to replicate

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12
Q

Coding dna is called what

A

Exons

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13
Q

Non coding dnas other name and fuctions

A

Introns and dunctional rna molecules

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14
Q

Why is dna replication important

A

Make new dna molecule to ensure the genetic code is passed on to each daughter cell

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15
Q

When does dna relication take place

A

Interphase

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16
Q

How does dna replication take place

A

1 double helix unwinds,weak hydro break
2 exposed strand =template
3 free nucleotides bond to base pair
=two identical double helix wrap around histone

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17
Q

What is an str

A

Short tandem repeat

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18
Q

In dna profiling where do the differences occur

A

The non coding part

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19
Q

What is dna profilling

A

The extracting if highly variable regions =repeating sequences of base pairs

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20
Q

How mang diffrent site of dna profilling are investigated

A

13-20

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21
Q

What is a dna profile

A

An individuals unique dna fragments,seperated by electrophoresis

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22
Q

How does dna profilling occur

A

Cells treated to extract dna
Restriction enzymes cut begin and end parts
Dna gets amplified
Electrophoresis

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23
Q

Whatbis gel electrophoresis

A

A method to sepreate latge molecules mainly due to size and electrical charge

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24
Q

Hiw is dna profilling used

A

Forensics
Didorders
Paternity

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25
Q

What is the strictute of rna

A

Single stranded
Made of nucleotides
1 sugar 1 base 1 phosphate

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26
Q

What is the function of rna

A

Carties instructions from dna in nucleus to ribosomes for protein synthesis

27
Q

What are the similarities of dna and rna

A

Made of polymers
Same structure base phospate and sugar
Both responsible for protein synth

28
Q

What are the types of rna

A

Messenger rna
Transfer rna in cyto
Ribosomal RNA

29
Q

What happens in the nucleus

Trnscription

A

Dna trabscribed into new mrna molecule

Gene unwinds nucleotides pair up/join to make rna

30
Q

The order of codons equals what

A

The order of amino acids

31
Q

The triplet code is the basis for what

A

Genetic code

32
Q

What happens at the ribosomes

A

Mrna binds to ribosome at start codon and trna binds one amino to one mrna to deposit aminos correct

33
Q

What is the anti codon

A

The three notrogenous bases at the end of a trna molecule

34
Q

What is translation

A

One codon starts the process
Anti codons base link to compl bases
Mrna translated into amino sequence

35
Q

Translation definition

A

The process by which a specific protein is formed from a chain of amino acids dude too the sequence of codons

36
Q

What is the purpose of rrna

A

Firm ribosomes

Read the genetic code

37
Q

What are the basic components of a codon and what does it code for

A

3 nitro bases

And protein

38
Q

What are the basic components of a gene and whatvdoes it code for

A

Nirto bases

Anti codon

39
Q

Why do we squish the strawberries

A

Break the cell walls

40
Q

Why do we use a soap and salt mix

A

Detergent causes the cell mems to break down

And salt enable the nucleic asiv to precipitate

41
Q

Why do we use heat treatment

A

Break down phospholipids to denature enzymes

42
Q

Why do we use a cold bath

A

Slow down the rate at which the dna breaks down

43
Q

Filtering is to allow what

A

The small dna moleciles to pass through

44
Q

Chilled ethanol

A

Dissolves the soluble components to form a solution

45
Q

Precipitaion is for

A

To allow the insoluble molecules to clump toegether

46
Q

Gmo plants techniques

A

1 gene gun

2 recombinant dna technique

47
Q

What dies a gene gun do

A

Shoots a dna covered bullet in to the desirable part of the plant cells

48
Q

Recombinant dna how does it happen

A

T1 recombinant removed and restriction enzyme cuts plasmid
Ligase splices the gene =transgene
=intergration=grown by tissue culture

49
Q

Advantages of gmo tech

A

Saving in pest and diseas control

Higher yields

50
Q

Disadnvatages of gmo tech

A

Threat to biodiversity
Disrupt notmal gene function
Genetic abnormalities

51
Q

What are the 3 types of cloning

A

1 gene cloning using a plasmid
2 reproductive cloning
3 therepeutic cloning

52
Q

What are the nuclear transfer techniques

A

1 embryonic nuclear transfer

2 somatic cell transfer

53
Q

What is embryonic nuclear transfer

A

Nuckear transfer directly from embryos

54
Q

How does somatic cell transfer occur

A

1donir cell cultures in low nutrient medium
2 nucleus of egg sucked by micropipet
3 electric pulse connects
4 electirc pulse fuses then another =cell divions
5 embryo in mom then gestation and birth

55
Q

How can cloning be used

A

For envirtro
New organs /cells
Tissue replacement

56
Q

What is external fertilisation

A

Huge numbers
Mainly aquatic
Not certain

57
Q

Internal fertilisation what is it

A

Terrestrial
Birds and reptile =cloaca
Most mammal male penis
Sperm to femal =copulation

58
Q

What is ovipary

A

Eggs develop outside

Egg yolk =food

59
Q

What is ovivipary

A

Eggs inside till hatch

60
Q

What is vivipary

A

Internal
No egg shell
Placenta

61
Q

What is a Cloaca

A

Single opening in lower abdomen

62
Q

Precocial

A

More energy before birth
Can survive on own
Less parental care

63
Q

Altricial

A

Not well developed

Needs parebtal care

Biology Matric (8 decks)

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