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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics is the study of _____

A

Heredity

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2
Q

Father of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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3
Q

Gregor Mendel was an ____ monk

A

Austrian

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4
Q

Two modern applications of genetics

A
  1. Genetic engineering

2. Genetic counselling

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5
Q

`____ was the first product to be developed via genetic engineering

A

Insulin

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6
Q

GMO

A

Genetically modified organism

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7
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

Genetic constitution of organism is altered by introducing new genes into its chromosomes

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8
Q

Who undergo genetic counselling

A

Newly married couples

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9
Q

What is genetic counselling

A

Consulting specialist regarding possibilities of children inheriting any genetic disease

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10
Q

Mendel’s findings are now called

A

Mendel’s law of inheritance

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11
Q

Transmission of genetically based characteristics from parents to offspring

A

Heredity

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12
Q

Cats can produce only _

A

Cats

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13
Q

Species name of human beings

A

Homo Sapiens

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14
Q

Small differences among individuals of same species

A

Variations

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15
Q

Inheritable feature of an organism

A

Character

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16
Q

Alternative forms of a character

A

Trait

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17
Q

Hair shape is a ______

A

Character

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18
Q

Curly hair is a ___

A

Trait

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19
Q

What is albinism

A

Total absence of pigment in skin ( those white coloured persons)

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20
Q

Normal vision is a ____ whereas Eye colour is a ____

A

Trait, character

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21
Q

What is haemophilia

A

Tendency to bleed freely even from a slight wound; bleeder’s disease

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22
Q

What is thalassaemia

A

No or very less haemoglobin produced in RBCs

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23
Q

Artificial arrangement of chromosomes according to shape and size on a chart

A

Karyotype

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24
Q

A dividing cell nucleus can be photographed using high power ___ microscope

A

Light

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25
Q

Humans have _ chromosomes in ___ pairs

A

46, 23

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26
Q

____ chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes of same shape and size, one from each parent

A

Homologous

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27
Q

22 pair of chromosomes in humans are ____________, also known as ___ chromosomes

A

Autosomes, body chromosomes

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28
Q

23rd pair of chromosomes in humans is called ____ chromosomes , also known as ___

A

Sex , Allosomes

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29
Q

XX- ______

XY -______

A

Female

Male

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30
Q

Y chromosomes is larger than X chromosomes

True/False

A

False

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31
Q

Allosomes determine

A

sex of organism

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32
Q

Autosomes determine

A

General body features

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33
Q

Sex of child depends on father/mother

A

Father

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34
Q

If egg is fused by X sperm,

A

Daughter

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35
Q

If egg is fused by Y sperm

A

Son

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36
Q

Both lion and cat have ___ chromosomes

A

38

37
Q

Characteristics of organism are result of ___- present on chromosomes and not ________

A

genes, chromosome number

38
Q

The word “gene” was coined by

A

Wilhelm Johanssen

39
Q

_____ is the full complement of DNA

A

Genome

40
Q

How many genes are there in humans

A

19000

41
Q

Which chromosome has largest no. of genes and how many

A

Chromosome no 1 , 2968

42
Q

Which chromosome has the fewest chromosomes and how many

A

Y , 231

43
Q

___ are alternative forms of a gene and occupy same ____ on ___ chromosomes

A

Alleles, locus, homologous

44
Q

Two types of alleles

A

Dominant and recessive

45
Q

The kind of allele which express itself regardless of type of other allele

A

Dominant

46
Q

Kind of allele which is expressed only in the presence of an identical allele

A

Recessive

47
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic constitution of organism

48
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of an organism

49
Q

Homozygous

A

Similar pair of allele ( PP or pp )

50
Q

Heterozygous

A

Dissimilar pair of allele (Pp)

51
Q

in a pedigree chart, females are represented by ___ and males by ____

A

Circle, square

52
Q

In a pedigree chart , recessive is indicated by ____ and dominant is indicated by ____

A

solid, hollow

53
Q

Polydactyly means _____ and is a ___ trait

A

Extra fingers and toes, dominant

54
Q

Albinism is a ___ trait

A

Recessive

55
Q

Camptodactyly means _________ and is a _______ character

A

Inability to straighten little finger, dominant

56
Q

_________is the appearance of a trait which is due to the presence of allele exclusively either on X or Y chromosome

A

Sex linked inheritance

57
Q

Two examples of diseases due to X-linked inheritance

A

Colour blindness

Haemophilia

58
Q

X- linked inheritance is ____(dominant/recessive) occurs usually in _____(male/female)

A

Recessive, males

59
Q

Does the father’ colour blindness play any role

in the color blindness of his son

A

Nope

60
Q

Mendel performed his experiments on ______ plant

A

Garden pea

61
Q

Scientific name for garden pea

A

Pisum Sativum

62
Q

Sex linked inheritance is also known as

A

Criss cross inheritance

63
Q

Garden pea is ____ plant (time period)

A

annual

64
Q

How many characters could be experimented with in a pea plant

A

7

65
Q

Pea plants can be _____-pollinated as well as _____-pollinated

A

cross, self

66
Q

What r the 7 contrasting characters of a pea plant

A 
Flower colour
Seed colour 
Pod colour 
Pod shape 
Seed shape 
Flower position
Plant height
67
Q

In flower colour, which is dominant and which is recessive

A

Purple - dominant

White - recessive

68
Q

In seed colour, which is dominant and which is recessive

A

Yellow - dominant

Green - recessive ( unintuitive)

69
Q

In pod colour, which is dominant and which is recessive

A

Green - dominant

Yellow - recessive

70
Q

In seed shape, which is dominant and which is recessive

A

Round - D

Wrinkled - R

71
Q

In pod shape, which is dominant and which is recessive

A

Inflated - D

Constricted - R

72
Q

In flower position, which is dominant and which is recessive

A

Axillary - dominant

Terminal - recessive

73
Q

In plant height, which is dominant and which is recessive

A

Tall - dominant

Dwarf - recessive

74
Q

___- pollination is done in a monohybrid cross to get F1 generation

A

Cross

75
Q

____ - pollination is done in a monohybrid cross to get F2 generation

A

Self

76
Q

Phenotypic ratio of F2 generation in monohybrid cross

A

3:1

76
Q

Genotypic ratio of F2 generation

A

1:2:1

77
Q

____ have only one member of a pair of genes

A

Gametes

78
Q

Upon _____, the duplicate condition of gene is restored

A

Fertilisation

79
Q

Three Mendel’s laws of inheritance

A
  1. Law of dominance
  2. Law of segregation
  3. Law of independent assortment
80
Q

What does law of dominance tell

A

Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together, only one is able to express itself while the other remains supressed

81
Q

Law of segregation is also called as

A

Law of purity of gametes

82
Q

What does law of segregation tell

A

The two members of a pair of factors separate during formation of gametes..
they do not blend

83
Q

What does law of independent assortment tell

A

When there are two pairs of characters, the distribution of alleles of one character into gametes is independent of distribution of other

84
Q

_____ is a sudden change in one or more ___ or in the number or structure of ___

A

Mutation, genes , chromosomes

85
Q

____ is an example of disease caused by mutation

A

Sickle cell anaemia

86
Q

What is sickle cell anaemia and it is caused by ___ mutation resulting in change in __-

A

production of sickle shaped RBCs, gene mutation , DNA

87
Q

Unit of heredity

A

Gene

88
Q

_______ are carriers of heredity

A

Chromosomes

Biology (5 decks)

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