Genetics Flashcards
What is genetics?
The study of hereditary/inheritance.
What is DNA?
DNA contains the genetic code for all living organisms.
What are genes?
A segment of DNA that determines an individual’s specific characteristic traits.
What are alleles?
Specific genes located on a specific locus.
What is a locus?
A location where specific alleles are located.
What is homozygous?
Inheritance of 2 identical alleles on a single homologous pair of chromosomes.
What is heterozygous?
Inheritance of 2 different alleles on a single homologous pair of chromosomes.
What is genotype?
Expression of both genes inherited from each parent.
What is phenotype?
Observed/Physical expression of genes.
What is dominance?
Expression of one allele over another.
What is mitosis?
- Cell division whereby one cell divides once to form two identical daughter cells.
- Diploid: 2n
- Somatic cells/Body cells
What is recessive?
When an allele is not expressed when inherited in combination with another one that is expressed.
What is cis?
2 or more genes on the same chromosome of a homologous pair.
What is trans?
Alleles found on different chromosomes of a homologous pair.
What are the disadvantages of crossing-over?
-Increase chances of a mutation to occur
Explain the law of Segregation
2 Inherited alleles coding for the same trait will separate during gamete formation.
Explain the law of Independent Assortment
Genes for different characteristics are sorted separately so that inheritance of one does not depend on the inheritance of another.
Explain the law of Dominance
An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the form that is dominant.
List the Mendelian laws?
- Law of Segregation
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Law of Dominance
What is co-dominance?
2 or more inherited genes that are expressed equally.
What does polymorphism refer to?
Expression of more than one phenotype.
Where are inherited genes located?
On chromosomes, found within the nuclei of cells.
How does DNA translate to characteristics?
Transcription and translation.
What is crossing over?
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosome pairs to increase genetic diversity.
What are the advantages of crossing over?
- Genetic diversity
- Recombinant chromosomes
What is a mutation?
Altercations or adjustments to the genetic material that can lead to serious defects in the organism. This results due to:
- DNA replication errors
- Exposure to mutagens
- Exposure to chemical radiation
- Infection with viruses
What are the advantages of mutations?
- Genetic variation/diversity
- Occurs in exposure to environmental factors
What are the disadvantages of mutations?
-Physical/Mental defects that can be passed on to offspring
What is genetic linkage?
Inheritance of one gene with another unrelated gene
