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Biology > Genetic Variation and Change > Flashcards

Genetic Variation and Change Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Allele

A

An alternative form of a gene.

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2
Q

Chiasma

A

The point at which paired chromosomes contact during crossing over.

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3
Q

Co-dominance

A

A condition in which an individual who is heterozygous will express the phenotypes associated with both alleles.

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4
Q

Crossing over

A

A process occurring during meiosis wherein two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their genetic material.

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5
Q

Diploid

A

A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. (In humans somatic cells are diploid as they contain 46 chromosomes.)

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6
Q

Evolution

A

A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better adapted form.

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7
Q

Founder effect

A

The reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonising ancestors.

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8
Q

Gamete

A

A reproductive cell having the haploid number of chromosomes, especially a mature sperm and egg.

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9
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that codes of a particular amino acid.

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10
Q

Gene pool

A

The total sum of different alleles in an interbreeding population.

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11
Q

Genetic biodiversity

A

Refers to to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic make-up of a species.

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12
Q

Genetic drift

A

The process of change in the genetic composition of a population due to chance or random events rather than by natural selection.

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13
Q

Genetic variation

A

Variation in the allele frequency or genome between members of species or between groups of species.

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14
Q

Genotype

A

The set of alleles that determines the expression of a particular characteristics or trait.

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15
Q

Haploid

A

A cell that contains a single set of unpaired chromosomes. In humans this means 23 unpaired chromosomes.

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16
Q

Heterozygous

A

An individual two different alleles for a specific trait.

17
Q

Homozygous dominant

A

An organism or cell that contains two dominant alleles for a single trait.

18
Q

Homozygous recessive

A

An organism or cell that contains two recessive alleles for a single trait.

19
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

A relationship between alleles of a single gene in which one allele masks the phenotypic expression of another allele at the same gene locus.

20
Q

Independent assortment

A

The process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes.

21
Q

Lethal alleles

A

Alleles that cause an organism to die when present in homozygous condition.

22
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes that are inherited together with other gene (s) as they are located close together on the same chromosome.

23
Q

Locus

A

The position that a given gene occupies on a chromosomes.

24
Q

Meiosis

A

The process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid.

25
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Three or more alleles for a particular gene. The presence of multiple alleles is best illustrated by the ABO blood groups of humans.

26
Q

Mutagen

A

An agent, such as a chemical, ultraviolet light or a radioactive element that induce or increase the frequency of mutation in an organism.

27
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change in the base sequence of DNA.

28
Q

Natural selection

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

29
Q

Phenotype

A

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

30
Q

Population bottleneck

A

A sharp reduction in size of a population due to environmental events (such as fires, earthquakes and floods) or human activities.

31
Q

Pure breeding

A

When two organisms with identical genotypes produce offspring with the same traits (e.g. both parents are homozygous for a particular trait).

32
Q

Segregation

A

The separation of paired alleles or homologous chromosomes, especially during meiosis so that the members of each pair appear in different gametes.

33
Q

Somatic cells

A

Any cell of the body that is not a sexually reproductive cell.

34
Q

Test cross

A

A cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait.

35
Q

Trait

A

A genetically determined characteristic or condition.

Biology (3 decks)

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