Genetic Screening

Question 1

Describe the process of Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis. (PGD)

Answer 1

1. Embryos are produced using IVF

2. Involves screening embryos for genetic disorders before they are implanted into the woman.

Question 2

Describe the process of amniocentesis.

Answer 2

1. Carried out at 15-20 weeks

2. A sample of fetal cells is taken from the amniotic fluid, contained within the amniotic sac, via the abdomen.

Question 3

Describe the process of chorionic villus sampling. (CVS)

Answer 3

1. Performed at 11-14 weeks

2. Sample of cells taken from the chorionic villi (placenta) via the cervix

Question 4

Compare the risks of miscarriage for the two pre-implantation tests.

Answer 4

• CVS: 1-2% risk of miscarriage

- Amniocentesis: 1% risk of miscarriage

Question 5

What are the social and ethical issues of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis?

Answer 5

• It can be used to find out other characteristics, leading to concerns in the future about creating designer babies
• False positives/negatives could provide incorrect information

Question 6

What are the social and ethical issues of prenatal testing?

Answer 6

• Prenatal tests increase the risk of miscarriage
• False results could provide incorrect information
• Unethical to abort a fetus because it has a genetic disorder.