Genetic Role in Development

Question 1

cultural inheritance/cultural heredity

Answer 1

shared environmental conditions, modeling behaviors

Question 2

biological inheritance

Answer 2

influences of parents on offspring that come from genetic make up

Question 3

multifactorial traits

Answer 3

determined by interactions between a gene or genes and the environment, and do not exhibit mendelian ratios

Question 4

identical twins

Answer 4

monozygotic (MZ), shared placenta

Question 5

fraternal twins

Answer 5

dizygotic (DZ), separate placentas

Question 6

in order to show genetic correlation..

Answer 6

need high r value between MZ and a low r between DZ

Question 7

height for twins correlation

Answer 7

• r value for MZ twin height shows there may be a genetic component
• r value for DZ twin height provides basis for hypothesis that there is a strong genetic component to height

Question 8

stature and body weight in twins correlation

Answer 8

• DZ increase r values in both body weight and stature
• genetics plays a role in height and body weight
• genetic influence from parents with height

Question 9

somatic maturation twins correlation

Answer 9

plays genetic role for MZ twins

Question 10

sexual maturation in females

Answer 10

highest correlation decreases

Question 11

sexual maturation in males

Answer 11

DZ have large differentiation

Question 12

skeletal maturation

Answer 12

DZ significantly greater differences

Question 13

sexual, somatic, and skeletal maturation are all strongly driven by..

Answer 13

genetics

Question 14

physique

Answer 14

studies indicate significant genetic effect on somatotype

Question 15

skeletal muscle

Answer 15

significant genetic contribution to FFM

Question 16

adipose tissue

Answer 16

only a moderate genetic determination in fat placement

Question 17

subcutaneous fat

Answer 17

environment, lifestyle choices, genetics role in distribution

Question 18

visceral fat

Answer 18

strong genetic contribution

Question 19

aerobic performance

Answer 19

• measured via VO2 max = maximum rate of oxygen consumption as measured during incremental exercise
• indicator or aerobic endurance
• studies have shown more interfamily variance than intrafamily variance
• left ventricular size plays role

Question 20

anaerobic performance

Answer 20

environment doesn’t have much of affect

Question 21

muscular strength

Answer 21

• studies have examined both isometric and isotonic measures
• conclusions: genetic contribution, but don’t know magnitude

Question 22

early motor development

Answer 22

• early motor development (0-12 months): MZ have greater similarities
• 12-18 months: no significant difference between MZ and DZ

Question 23

motor performance - sprinting

Answer 23

twins + father/son at same age, low differences, genetics plays role

Question 24

motor performance - balance

Answer 24

inconclusive

Question 25

motor performance - flexibility

Answer 25

limited data, higher correlation in twins than other family members

Question 26

motor performance - movement patterns

Answer 26

• analysis of aspects of running style: greater differences in DZ than MZ
• analysis of a throw and the crawl stroke in swimming: aren’t any differences (coaching, training, environments play role)

Question 27

aerobic trainability

Answer 27

didn’t look at DZ twins, + relationship genetics play role