Genetic Mutations >:( Flashcards
What can be 4 causes of mutations?
- Mistakes in cell division
- Exposure to radiation
- Exposure to mutagens (chemicals)
- Virus infections
What’s a frameshift and what does it do to an organism’s traits?
A frameshift is a shift or change in the way the DNA code is read and this can change the code being expressed in genetic expression which eventually determines traits yk. . .
What’s the big difference between point mutations and chromosomal mutations?
Point mutations are changes/shifts in the DNA molecule while…
Chromosomal mutations are the changes/shifts in either the number of chromosomes in a cell’s nucleus or in the chromosome’s structure
List the 3 types of point mutations and what do they do in the DNA’s replication?
Substitution - incorrect base is added and replaces base pair
Insertion - extra nucleotide(s) is inserted during DNA replication and results in a frameshift
Deletion - Nucleotides are skipped or missed in replication resulting in a frameshift
What are the 4 amino acid effects that result from point mutations and how do they affect amino acids?
Frameshift mutation - all amino acids after the mutated amino acid are shifted in the sequence
Misense mutation– one single amino acid is changed
Silent mutation – substitution where amino acid is not affected
Nonsense mutation – amino acid ‘Stop’s prematurely
What are the 2 two types of point mutations that always result in frameshift mutations (amino acid effect)
Insertion and deletion
What type of mutation is in the image below?
Substitution
What kind of amino acid effect is being displayed in the image below?
Silent
What kind of amino acid mutation (effect) has been displayed in the image below?
Nonsense
1) What kind of amino acid effect has taken place in the image below
2) What types of mutations can result in that effect?
Frameshift, Insertion or deletion
What are the 4 types of chromosome mutations (genetic arrangements) and what do they do?
Deletion - Parts of the chromosome structure is broken off that hold many genes containing genetic code
Duplication - Certain areas of chromosomal are copied in the structure during cellular duplication (meiosis)
Inversion - The orientation of the original parts of the chromosome is inverted (flipped around) and reinserts itself into the structure therefore the alignment of the genes (DNA) will be different
Translocation - parts of the chromosome structure break off and reinsert themselves into a different chromosome structure, therefore translocating the genetic code into a diff. chromosome
What’s the deal with nondisjunction in chromosomal mutations?
Nondisjunction is the failure to separate cells during cellular division leading to a lesser-than-expected amount of chromosomes changing the ploidy of an organism which could have effects on their traits (down syndrome or wutever)
