Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms - 3.4.5 Species and taxonomy

Question 1

What are the 5 things courtship behaviours allows individuals to do?

Answer 1

• Recognise members of the same species
• Identify a sexually mature mate
• Form a pair bond that will lead to successful mating and raising of offspring
• Synchronise mating so that it takes place at a time where the egg and sperm are most likely to meet
• Become able to breed by bringing a member of the opposite sex into a state that allows breeding to occur

Question 2

What does classifying animals allow us to do?

Answer 2

Classifying animals allows for:
Better communication
And avoiding confusion

Question 3

What are the 2 types of classification?

Answer 3

• Artificial classification

* Phylogenetic classification

Question 4

What is meant by a hierarchy

Answer 4

smaller groups within larger groups (groups within groups) which DO NOT overlap

Question 5

Explain what is meant by a phylogenetic relationship

Answer 5

Shows evolutionary relationship

Question 6

Scientist can use protein structure to investigate the evolutionary relationships between different species. Explain why

Answer 6

The closer the amino acid sequences of 2 organisms the closer their relationship
The amino acid sequence is related to the DNA base triplet sequence

Question 7

Explain what is meant when 2 species are described as being “closely related”.

Answer 7

They have DNA in common

And they have a recent common ancestor

Question 8

Explain the principles which biologists use to classify organisms into groups

Answer 8

Large groups are divided into smaller groups
Members of a group have features in common.
Also member of the same group have a similar evolutionary history which is based on fossils

Question 9

Describe how comparisons of biological molecules in 2 species of sea horses could be used to find out if they are closely related

Answer 9

Compare their DNA by comparing their base sequence
To do this do DNA hybridisation by separating dna strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds
The temperature required to separate the strands indicates how close the 2 species are.

Could also compare the amino acid sequence of the proteins in the 2 species
This is called immunological evidence.
So inject seahorse protein into a rabbit and collect the antibodies the rabbit makes.
Then add the antibody mixture into the other seahorse species blood sample
The amount of precipitate indicates how close the relationship of the 2 sea horses

Question 10

What 2 measurements would ecologists need to obtain to calculate an index of diversity of a community

Answer 10

1) the number of individuals of EACH species

2) the totals number of individuals of ALL species

Question 11

A species is

Answer 11

a group of similar organisms capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring

Question 12

The binomial system consists of..

Answer 12

generic and species name

Question 13

grouping organisms together is called

Answer 13

classification

Question 14

The science of classification is called…

Answer 14

taxonomy

Question 15

How many levels of groups are there in classification?

Answer 15

8

Question 16

Each group in classification is called a .

Answer 16

taxon

Question 17

In classification is the largest or smallest group at the top of the hierarchy?

Answer 17

largest

Question 18

The first tax is called

Answer 18

domain

Question 19

Name the 3 domain groups

Answer 19

Eukarya, Bacteria and Archaea

Question 20

The next group below the domain group is the

Answer 20

kingdom

Question 21

Animals are placed in the animal kingdom - these are further grouped into smaller groups called…

Answer 21

phylum

Question 22

the next taxa below phylum is

Answer 22

class

Question 23

the next taxa below class is

Answer 23

order

Question 24

the next taxa below family is

Answer 24

genus

Question 25

the final taxa in the classification system is called

Answer 25

species

Question 26

How many parts does the internationally accepted scientific name have?

Answer 26

2 - its in latin too!

Question 27

The scientific name for organisms has 2 parts - they are…

Answer 27

genus species

Question 28

What does the binomial system help to overcome

Answer 28

confusion using common names

Question 29

What is the purpose of courtship behaviour?

Answer 29

to attract a mate of the SAME species

Question 30

What can be said about the courtship behaviours of organisms that are more closely related?

Answer 30

similarities in their courtship behaviours!

Question 31

courtship behaviours prevents..

Answer 31

interbreeding

Question 32

How are bacteria different to eukarya?

Answer 32

absence of membrane bound organelles
smaller ribosomes
cell wall from murein
single loop DNA (no histones or nucleus)

Question 33

How are archaea different to bacteria?

Answer 33

no murein in cell walls

protein synthesis in archaea like eukaryotes

Question 34

If there are 3 species of bees called
Peponapis pruinosa, Andrena chlorogaster and Andrena piperi - what do their names suggest about their evolutionary relationships?

Answer 34

AC and AP MORE closely related

because they have SAME GENUS -Andrena