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As-Level Biology > Cells - Cell structure - 3.2.1.3 - Specialised Cells > Flashcards

Cells - Cell structure - 3.2.1.3 - Specialised Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 7 life processes?

A 
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
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2
Q

What do we call the cell formed at fertilisation?

A

A zygote

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3
Q

A zygote is what type of cell?

A

A stem cell (totipotent)

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4
Q

A zygote develops into an…

A

embryo

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5
Q

An embryo is made up of which type of cells?

A

(embryonic) stem cells

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6
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A non-specialised cell

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7
Q

Are the cells of an embryo genetically identical?

A

yes

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8
Q

A zygote and the cells of an embryo divide by the process of…

A

mitosis

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9
Q

Are the specialised cells of a multicellular organism genetically identical?

A

yes

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10
Q

How is it that different types of specialised cells can be genetically identical?

A

Different genes are active within the nucleus of those cells.

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11
Q

Which organelle will be well developed within a sperm cell?

A

Mitochondria (to provide energy for movement)

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12
Q

Which organelle will be well developed in muscle cells?

A

Mitochondria (to provide energy for movement)

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13
Q

What is another name for a liver cell?

A

Hepatocyte

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14
Q

Which organelle will be well developed in a hepatocyte (liver cell)

A

Golgi apparatus (to detoxify)

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15
Q

Some embryonic stem cells develop further into __________ stem cells, which lie dormant for future use.

A

adult

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16
Q

What are haematopoietic cells and where are they found?

A
  • Adult stem cells that develop into red blood cells.

- bone marrow

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17
Q

Cells that are adapted to perform a specific function are called…

A

specialised cells

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18
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of identical or similar cells that are specialised to carry out a specific function.

19
Q

Approximately how many different types of human cell are there?

A

200

20
Q

Muscle cells group together to form…

A

Muscle tissue

21
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Contraction to allow movement.

22
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Line the surface of organs
  • Protect
  • Have sensory functions
  • Absorption
  • Transporting substances (if they are ciliated)
23
Q

What are cilia?

A

Small hair-like structures present on some epithelial cells that can transport substances e.g. mucus in the lungs.

24
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  • Support - holds other tissues together.

- Provides strength and elasticity to tissues.

25
Q

Connective tissues produce…

A

collagen fibres

26
Q

What is an organ?

A

A combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions although they have 1 predominant function.

27
Q

The stomach consists of which tissues?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
28
Q

Why is it that arteries and veins are organs but capillaries are not?

A
  • Arteries and veins consist of a combination of muscle and endothelial tissues.
  • Capillaries only contain endothelial tissues.
29
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs that aggregate to perform a specific task.

30
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?`

A

To digest, process and absorb food.

31
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Breathing and gas exchange.

32
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

To pump and circulate blood.

33
Q

Name 3 organ systems

A
  1. Digestive system
  2. Circulatory system
  3. Respiratory system
34
Q

Name 3 human tissues

A
  1. Muscle tissue
  2. Epithelial tissue
  3. Connective tissue
35
Q

Name 5 plant tissues

A
  1. Epidermal tissue
  2. Palisade mesophyll tissue
  3. Spongy mesophyll tissue
  4. Xylem tissue
  5. Phloem tissue
36
Q

What is the function of xylem tissue?

A
  • Transport water from roots to leaves
  • Transport mineral salts
  • Provide mechanical support to plant.
37
Q

What is the function of palisade mesophyll tissue?

A
  • To carry out photosynthesis.
38
Q

How are xylem tissues adapted to transport water?

A

They are formed from hollow cells that allow water to travel through.

39
Q

How are palisade mesophyll tissues adapted to carry out photosynthesis?

A

They contain many chloroplasts.

40
Q

What is the function of spongy mesophyll cells?

A

Provide a large surface area for gas exchange via diffusion.

41
Q

What else can we call the epidermal cells that line top and bottom surfaces of a leaf?

A

Upper epidermis

Lower epidermis

42
Q

Which epidermis of a leaf are stomata found?

A

Lower epidermis (lower surface)

43
Q

What are guard cells and where are they found?

A
  • 2 kidney shaped cells that form the stomata.
  • They are part of the lower epidermal tissue.
    They look like this —> (())

As-Level Biology (43 decks)

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