Genetic Information, Variation, and Relationships between Organisms Flashcards
Phylogenetics
A system to classify species by their evolutionary links
Species richness
The number of different organisms in an area
Index of diversity
The number of different organisms in an area and how many individuals there are of each species
Formula to calculate the index of diversity
N(N-1)/sum of n(n-1)
What is the definition of genome?
All of the genetic material in a cell/organism
Where is the genetic material found in eukaryotic cells?
Animal- nucleus, mitochondria
Plant- nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast
Where is the genetic material found in a prokaryotic cell?
Nucleoid (circular loop of DNA)
Plasmids
What is the definition of proteome?
All of the proteins that can be made in a cell/organism
Where can you find stem cells?
Bone marrow
Embryo
Umbilical cord
What are totipotent cells?
Cells that are able to divide and produce all the specialised cells of an organism
When are totipotent cells found?
In the very early stages of embryonic development (up to around 32 cells/5days)
Plants retain these cells for much longer
What is the definition of a pluripotent cell?
Cells that divide to form unlimited numbers of cells. Able to differentiate into a limited range of specialised cells.
What is the definition of a transcription factor(TF)?
A protein that binds to a promoter and switches on gene expression
What is the definition of a promoter?
A short section of DNA, upstream of its gene, which the transcription factor binds to
What is the definition of transcription?
The formation of mRNA using a DNA template
