Genetic Info, Variation & Relationships 3.4 Flashcards
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
Describe the structure of prokaryotic DNA
Circular;
No introns;
Not associated with histones;
Short;
Plasmids;
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
Which organelles contain DNA with the same structure as prokaryotes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
Describe the structure of eukaryotic DNA
Linear;
Introns;
Associated
with histones;
Long;
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
DNA molecule and its associated proteins (e.g. histones) form a _______________.
chromosome
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
Differences between DNA in the nucleus of a plant cell vs. DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
1. Associated with histones v no histones;
2. Linear v circular;
3. No plasmids v plasmids;
4. Introns v no introns;
5. Longer v shorter;
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
Define a gene
A sequence of DNA bases that codes for a polypeptide
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
In addition to polypeptides, what can genes also code for?
ribosomal (rRNA)
&
transfer (tRNA)
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
Define locus
Fixed position of a gene on a
chromosome / DNA molecule
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
Define homologous chromosomes
Carry the same genes
(but different alleles)
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
In eukaryotic DNA, genes contain _______ and _______.
introns
and
exons
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
Define exon
DNA base sequences that code for sequence of amino acids
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
Define intron
DNA base sequences that DO NOT code for sequence of amino acids
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
TRUE or FALSE:
In eukaryotes, much of the nuclear DNA does not code for polypeptides.
TRUE
e.g. only 1% of human DNA contains genes that code for polypeptides
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
Location of non-coding multiple repeats of DNA base sequences.
between genes
OR
intergenic
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
Define non-coding
DNA that does not code for polypeptides
OR
DNA that does not code for sequences of amino acids
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Define genome
All the DNA in a cell
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Define proteome
The full range of proteins produced by cells
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
A sequence of three DNA bases, called a _________________ , codes for a specific amino acid.
triplet
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
A sequence of three RNA bases, called a _________________ , codes for a specific amino acid.
codon
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
TRUE or FALSE:
Within a gene, there can be multiple introns.
TRUE
There can also be multiple exons
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
A DNA triplet has the bases ACT, what are the bases in the mRNA codon?
UGA
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
The genetic code is ‘universal’.
Define this term.
The same 3 bases used in DNA triplets code for the same amino acid in all organisms
OR
The same 3 bases used in mRNA codons code for the same amino acid in all organisms
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
The genetic code is ‘non-overlapping’.
Define this term.
Each DNA base is read only once in the triplet
OR
Each base is read only once in the codon
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
The genetic code is ‘degenerate’.
Define this term.
More than one codon / triplet codes for a single amino acid
DNA, genes and chromosomes (AO1)
Suggest one advantage of showing the genetic code as base sequences on mRNA, rather than triplets on DNA.
Ribosomes assemble polypeptides using mRNA code
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Which codons code for the amino acid ‘Tyr’?
UAU
UAC
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Which codons code for the amino acid ‘Ser’?
UCU
UCC
UCA
UCG
AGU
AGC
Structure of DNA and RNA (AO1)
What are the structural differences between a DNA molecule and a mRNA molecule (4 marks).
1. DNA has deoxyribose whereas mRNA has ribose;
2. DNA has thymine whereas mRNA has uracil;
3. DNA long whereas mRNA short;
4. DNA is double stranded / double helix whereas mRNA is single stranded
5. DNA has hydrogen bonds whereas mRNA has no hydrogen bonds
OR
DNA has (complementary) base pairing whereas mRNA does not;
Structure of DNA and RNA (AO1)
Give structural similarities between a DNA molecule and a mRNA molecule (4 marks).
1. Both polymers of nucleotides;
2. Nucleotides have pentose, (nitrogen-containing organic) base and a phosphate (group);
3. Both Cytosine, guanine and adenine (as bases);
4. Both have phosphodiester bonds;
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
TRUE or FALSE:
Transfer (tRNA) is a monomer
FALSE
tRNA is a polynucleotide
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
TRUE or FALSE:
tRNA only contains phosphodiester bonds
FALSE
Its cloverleaf structure is mainted by hydrogen bonds
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Describe the structural differences between the structure of mRNA and the structure of tRNA.
1. mRNA contains no hydrogen bonds whereas tRNA has some hydrogen bonds.
2. tRNA has an amino acid binding site whereas mRNA does not
3. mRNA has codons whereas tRNA has anticodons
4. mRNA longer
OR Has more nucleotides than tRNA;
5. Different mRNAs have different lengths whereas all tRNAs are similar / same length;
6 mRNA is a straight molecule whereas tRNA has a clover-leaf shaped molecule;
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
TRUE or FALSE:
The nucleotides of both mRNA and tRNA contain the nitrogenous base uracil.
TRUE
tRNA and mRNA are both polymers of RNA nucleotides
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Bond present in both mRNA and tRNA.
phosphodiester
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Transcription is the production of _________ from DNA.
mRNA
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Describe transcription in prokaryotes
(5 marks).
1. DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
2. Only one DNA strand acts as a template.
3. Free RNA nucleotides align by complementary base pairing.
4. Uracil is used in place of thymine and base pairs with adenine.
5. RNA polymerase joins adjacent RNA nucleotides
6. via phosphodiester bonds.
7. This forms mRNA and no splicing occurs.
(as prokaryotes contain no introns).
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
What is splicing?
The removal of introns from pre-mRNA to produce mature mRNA
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
TRUE or FALSE:
Splicing only takes place in eukaryotic organisms
TRUE
Eukaryotic DNA contains introns that must be removed via splicing
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Describe how mRNA is formed by transcription in eukaryotes (5 marks)
1. DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
2. Only one DNA strand acts as a template.
3. Free RNA nucleotides align by complementary base pairing.
4. Uracil is used in place of thymine and base pairs with adenine.
5. RNA polymerase joins adjacent RNA nucleotides
6. via phosphodiester bonds.
(this produces pre-mRNA)
7. Pre-mRNA is spliced and introns are removed.
This produces (mature) mRNA
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Site of transcription
nucleus
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Through which structure does mRNA exit the nucleus?
(in eukaryotes)
nuclear pore
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Describe how mRNA is produced from an exposed template strand of DNA (3 marks).
Do not include DNA helicase or splicing in your answer.
1. Free RNA nucleotides align by complementary base pairing.
OR Uracil is used in place of thymine and base pairs with adenine.
2. RNA polymerase joins adjacent RNA nucleotides
3. via phosphodiester bonds.
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
In a eukaryotic cell, the base sequence of the mRNA might be different from the sequence of the pre-mRNA.
Explain why (2 marks).
1. Introns in pre-mRNA;
2. These are removed via splicing
(this makes mRNA shorter than pre-mRNA)
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Describe how the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) in a eukaryote cell is different from the production of mRNA in a prokaryote cell (2 marks).
1. Pre-mRNA only produced in eukaryote cell;
2. Splicing only occurs in eukaryote cell;
3. Introns removed in eukaryote cell
OR Introns not present in prokaryote cell;
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO2)
Scientists produced a short, single-stranded, artificial nucleic acid, called PNA. The PNA binds to a small section of DNA.
The scientists introduced PNA into cells and discovered that these cells produced less mRNA than cells that did not contain PNA.
Suggest how PNA affected the transcription of the section of DNA (2 marks).
1. PNA is complementary to DNA
OR PNA forms base pairs with DNA;
2. Preventing/reducing RNA polymerase activity/binding
OR Prevents RNA nucleotides binding
OR Reducing/stopping transcription;
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO2)
Serine Alanine Glycine Proline
(must be in this order)
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO2)
1. Allele
2. Locus/loci
3. Transcribed
4. Translated
5. Golgi (apparatus)/Rough endoplasmic reticulum
6. Tertiary
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Translation is the production of [1] from the sequence of [2] carried by mRNA.
[1] polypeptides
[2] codons
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Site of translation
Ribosomes
OR
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Site of translation, catalyse the joining of amino acids by condensation reactions;
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Describe the role of tRNA in translation (2 marks).
- Anticodon on tRNA binds to complementary codon on mRNA;
- tRNA brings specific amino acid to ribosome;
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Describe the role of ATP in the process of translation in protein synthesis (2 marks).
- Releases energy;
- So peptide bonds form between amino acids;
OR So amino acid joins to tRNA;
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Describe how one amino acid is added to a polypeptide that is being formed at a ribosome during translation (3 marks).
- tRNA brings specific amino acid to ribosome;
- Anticodon on tRNA binds to codon on mRNA;
- Amino acids joined together via peptide bonds
OR Amino acids joined together by condensation (using energy from ATP hydrolysis);
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Describe the role of a ribosome in the production of a polypeptide (3 marks).
1. mRNA binds to ribosome;
2. Two mRNA codons used at any one time;
3. Allows tRNA with anticodons to bind
4. Catalyses formation of peptide bond between amino acids (held by tRNA molecules);
5. Moves along mRNA to the next codon;
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Describe how a polypeptide is formed by translation of mRNA (6 marks).
1. mRNA attaches to ribosomes
2. Ribosome finds the start codon / AUG;
3. tRNA anticodons bind to complementary mRNA codons;
4. tRNA brings a specific amino acid;
5. Amino acids join by peptide bonds;
(catalysed by the ribosome)
6. with the use of energy from ATP hydrolysis;
7. tRNA released
(after amino acid joined to polypeptide);
8. The ribosome moves along the mRNA to form the polypeptide;
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
W = amino acid binding site
X = anticodon
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Process = Translation
Molecule Q = tRNA
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
On mRNA, the first codon is AUG.
Give the base sequence of…..
the complementary DNA triplet:
AND
the missing anticodon:
DNA triplet: TAC
Anticodon: UAC
DNA & Protein Synthesis (Maths)
Haemoglobin is a protein. It is made of two alpha polypeptides and two beta polypeptides.
Each alpha polypeptide has 141 amino acids and each beta polypeptide has 146 amino acids.
Calculate the minimum number of DNA bases needed to code for the number of amino acids in one alpha polypeptide.
423
Remember: 3 DNA bases in a triplet codes for 1 amino acid
DNA & Protein Synthesis (Maths)
The two DNA strands of a particular gene contain 168 guanine bases between them. The relationship between the numbers of guanine bases (G), adenine bases (A), thymine bases (T) and cytosine bases (C) in these two strands of DNA is shown in the following equation.
G = 4 (A + T) – C
Use this information and your understanding of DNA structure to calculate the maximum number of amino acids coded by this gene.
Answer = 70 amino acids
Step by step working:
168 = 4 (A+T) - 168
336 = 4 (A+T)
84 = A + T
A = 42, T = 42
Total DNA = 168 + 168 + 42 + 42 = 420 base pairs
One template strand = 210 bases
3 DNA bases codes for 1 amino acid
210 bases codes for 70 amino acids
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Function of stop codon
- Stop translation
- Signals to ribosome to detach from polypeptide and mRNA;
(This ensures polypeptide produced is the correct length)
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Isoleucine
DNA & Protein Synthesis (AO1)
Give the DNA base sequence that codes for threonine.
TGG
Mutations (AO1)
Define gene mutation
1. Random change in the base sequence of DNA.
2. Results in the formation of a new allele.
Mutations (AO1)
TRUE or FALSE:
Mutations arise spontaneously during DNA replication.
TRUE
Mutations (AO1)
Types of mutation
Substitution
Addition
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Non-disjunction
Mutations (AO1)
______________ mutations involve only changing one base in the DNA triplet
Substitution
Mutations (AO1)
Describe and explain the different consequences following a subsitution mutation
1. No change in primary structure due to degenerate genetic code or mutation in an intron
2. Changes primary structure BUT no change in tertiary structure as amino acid with similar property coded for.
3. Change in primary structure and change in tertiary structure due to changing position of hydrodgen / disulphide / ionic bond
4. Codes for a stop codon so polypeptide produced is much shorter / non-functional
Mutations (AO1)
Due to the [1] nature of the genetic code, not all base substitutions cause a change in the [2] of encoded amino acids.
[1] degenerate
[2] sequence
Mutations (AO1)
A substitution could change the amino acid coded and therefore change the [1] structure.
This may change the nature or [2] of the hydrogen, ionic or disulphide bonds between the amino acid R groups.
This may change [3] structure of the polypeptide.
[1] primary
[2] position
[3] tertiary
Mutations (AO1)
Consequence of substitution mutation resulting in a stop codon.
1. Shorter polypeptide produced
2. If stop codon is introduced towards the start of the primary structure, protein likely to be non-functional.
3. If stop codon is introduced towards the end of the primary structure, tertiary structure may be unaffected.
Mutations (AO1)
What mutations cause a ‘frame shift’
Additions
Deletions