Biological Molecules 3.1 Flashcards
GCSE recap
What process in plants produces glucose?
Photosynthesis
GCSE Recap
Is starch soluble or insoluble?
Insoluble
GCSE Recap
What process is glucose used for by both plants and animals?
Respiration
GCSE Recap
What is the function of cellulose?
To provide strength and rigidity to the plant cell wall
GCSE recap
How do you test for starch?
1. Add (two drops of) iodine solution to the sample solution.
2. A blue/black/purple colour indicates the presence of starch.
GCSE Recap
Metabolism includes the conversion of glucose into which larger biological molecules?
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
AS (Monomers & Polymers AO1)
Define a monomer (1 mark)
Small repeating units from which larger molecules called polymers are made
AS (Monomers & Polymers AO1)
Define a polymer (1 mark)
Molecules made from a large number of monomers (3 or more) joined together
AS (Monomers & Polymers AO1)
Give 3 examples of monomers
Glucose / Galactose / Fructose
Nucleotides
Amino acids
AS (Monomers & Polymers AO1)
Which of the below molecules is NOT a polymer?
Glycogen
Triglyceride
Cellulose
Starch
DNA
Polypeptides/proteins
Triglyceride
AS (Monomers & Polymers AO1)
Molecules with carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds are referred to as ……………………
Organic molecules
AS (Monomers & Polymers AO1)
What type of reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water (H2O).
Condensation
AS (Monomers & Polymers AO1)
Describe a hydrolysis reaction (1 mark)
Breaks a chemical bond between two molecules & involves the use of a water molecule (H2O).
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
What are the monomers from which larger carbohydrates called polysaccharides are made
Monosaccharides
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
List 3 common monosaccharides
Glucose, galactose and fructose
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
What bond is formed as result of a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides?
Glycosidic bond
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
What is the name of the disaccharide formed by condensation reaction with two glucose molecules?
Maltose
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
What monosaccharides are joined by a condensation reaction to form lactose?
Glucose
Galactose
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
What disaccharide is formed by condensation reaction with glucose and fructose?
Sucrose
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
TRUE or FALSE:
Many glycosidic bonds are found in a disaccharide?
FALSE
There is only 1 glycosidic bond in a disaccharide
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Write out a chemical equation for the formation of a disaccharide (1 mark)
For every bond formed, a condensation reaction produces one molecule of water.
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Which isomer of glucose is shown below?
Alpha glucose
Remember: Alpha Below Beta Above (ABBA) on C1
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Which isomer of glucose is shown below?
Beta glucose
Remember: Alpha Below Beta Above (ABBA) on C1
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Draw out the full chemical structure of alpha glucose
Remember: Alpha Below Beta Above (ABBA) on C1
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
What polymer is formed by the condensation of many glucose units?
Polysaccharides
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Which 2 polysaccharides are formed by the condensation of α-glucose?
Glycogen
Starch
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
What polysaccharide is formed by the condensation of many β-glucose units?
Cellulose
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Plant cells produce which 2 polysaccharides?
Starch
Cellulose
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Glycogen is found in which animal organs?
Liver
Muscle
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Explain how starch is related to its function (3 marks)
Any three from:
- Insoluble (in water), so doesn’t affect water potential/osmosis;
- Coiled / (α-)helix / helical structure, so makes molecule compact;
- Polymer of (α-)glucose so provides glucose for respiration;
- Branched / more ends for fast breakdown / enzyme action;
- Large (molecule), so can’t cross the cell membrane
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Explain how glycogen is related to its function (5 marks)
- Helix/coiled/branched so compact;
- Polymer of (alpha) glucose so easily hydrolysed;
- (Highly) branched so more ends for faster hydrolysis;
- (alpha) Glucose (polymer) so provides respiratory substrate for energy (release);
- Insoluble so does not affect water potential/osmosis;
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
What bonds does cellulose contain?
Beta (1,4) glycosidic
(many weak) Hydrogen
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Explain how the structure of cellulose is related to its function in plant cell walls (3-4 marks)
- Long / straight / unbranched chains of beta glucose
- (joined by weak) hydrogen bonds;
- Forms microfibrils;
- Provide rigidity / strength;
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Compare the structure of starch and cellulose
1.Both polysaccharides;
OR Both are glucose polymers
OR Both are made of glucose monomers;
- Both contain glycosidic bonds (between monomers);
- Both contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen/C, H and O;
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Contrast the structure of starch and cellulose
- Starch made of α-glucose whereas cellulose made of β-glucose;
- Starch (molecule) is helical/coiled whereas cellulose (molecule) is straight;
- Starch (molecule) is branched whereas cellulose is not/unbranched;
- Cellulose has microfibrils whereas starch does not;
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Draw out the formation of a glycosidic bond between two alpha glucose molecules
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
What bonds do starch and glycogen contain?
alpha (1,4) glycosidic
alpha (1,6) glycosidic
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Describe the biochemical test for a reducing sugar (3 marks).
1. Add equal volumes of Benedict’s solution and sample to a test tube
2. Heat to 95⁰C.
3. Formation of a brick red precipitate if a reducing sugar is present.
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
List all the reducing sugars
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Maltose
Lactose
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Rank the below colours of precipitate by concentration - lowest to highest - of reducing sugar following the Benedict’s test.
Brick red
Green/yellow
Orange
Lowest: green/low
Medium: orange
Highest concentration: brick red
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Following the Benedict’s test for a reducing sugar, what would a negative result look like?
Solution remains blue
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
TRUE or FALSE:
The Benedict’s test is quantitative?
FALSE
The different coloured precipitates are semi-quantitative
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
TRUE or FALSE:
A sample containing sucrose will produce a coloured precipiate following the Benedict’s test?
FALSE
Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Describe a biochemical test to show that a solution contains a non-reducing sugar (3 marks).
1. Boil with acid AND neutralise;
Accept named examples, eg hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)
2. Heat (to 95oC) with Benedict’s (solution);
3. Red precipitate
(indicates non-reducing sugar is present);
Accept other colours eg. green/orange
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Describe how scientists produce a calibration curve to obtain estimates maltose concentration for an unknown sample (4 marks).
Do not include details of how to perform a Benedict’s test in your answer.
1 Make/use maltose solutions of known/different concentrations
2. Carry out Benedict’s test on each solution;
3. (Use colorimeter to) measure colour/colorimeter value (e.g. absorbance) of each solution and plot calibration curve;
4. Details of curve:
concentration on x-axis,
colorimeter value on y-axis,
draw a line of best fine.
5. Estimate concentration of sample by using calibration curve i.e. read off Y axis value to estimate concentration using the x axis
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
A student carried out the Benedict’s test. Suggest a method, other than using a colorimeter, that this student could use to measure the quantity of reducing sugar in a solution (2 marks).
1. Filter AND dry (the precipitate);
Accept: correct reference to evaporation after filtration
2. Find mass/weight;
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Explain how you would use the graph to determine the maltose concentration with a light absorbance of 0.45 arbitary units?
Line of best fit drawn;
Read off Y axis value at 0.45 (to estimate concentration using the x axis)
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
What is an arbitary unit? (AU)
A relative unit of measurement to show the ratio of amount of substance;
This allows comparisons.
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Using a colorimeter rather than relying on the Benedict’s test results alone improves the repeatability of the student’s results.
Give one reason why.
1. Quantitative OR
(Colour change is) subjective;
Accept: accurate/precise
2. Standardises (the) method;
AS (Lipids AO1)
Name two groups of lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
AS (Lipids AO1)
What are triglycerides are made up of?
One molecule of glycerol
and
three molecules of fatty acid
AS (Lipids AO1)
What is the name of the bond formed when a condensation reaction joins together glycerol to three fatty acids?
Ester
There are 3 ester bonds in a triglyceride
AS (Lipids AO1)
Identify the carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain in the fatty acid
AS (Lipids AO1)
Everything other than the COOH inside drawn box;
AS (Lipids AO1)
Complete the diagram to produce a triglyceride
AS (Lipids AO1)
Saturated or unsaturated fatty acid?
Saturated fatty acid
AS (Lipids AO1)
Saturated or unsaturated fatty acid?
Unsaturated fatty acid
AS (Lipids AO1)
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
Fatty acids with double bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.
AS (Lipids AO1)
What is an saturated fatty acid?
Fatty acids have no double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.
AS (Lipids AO1)
Describe the emulsion test for a lipid (3 marks)
1. Add ethanol to sample and mix
(to dissolve the lipid)
2. Then add water and mix
3. A white emulsion will be visible if fat is present
AS (Lipids AO1)
If the sample is a seed - which contains oils - what must you first do before starting the emulsion test?
Crush seeds before adding ethanol.
AS (Lipids AO1)
Describe how a triglyceride molecule is formed (3 marks)
1. One glycerol and three fatty acids;
2. Condensation (reactions) and removal of three molecules of water;
3. Ester bond(s) (formed);
AS (Lipids AO1)
What molecules are represented by P and Q?
P = Glycerol
Q = Fatty acids (chains)
AS (Lipids AO1)
Compare the structure of triglycerides and phospholipids.
Both contain ester bonds (between glycerol and fatty acid);
Both contain glycerol;
Fatty acids on both may be saturated or unsaturated;
Both contain C, H and O whereas phospholipids also contain P; Must relate to element.
AS (Lipids AO1)
Compare the properties of triglycerides and phospholipids.
Both are insoluble in water;
AS (Lipids AO1)
Contrast the structure of triglycerides and phospholipids.
Triglyceride has three fatty acids whereas phospholipid has two fatty acids;
Triglyceride has no phosphate group whereas phospholipids has 1 phosphate group;
Triglycerides have 3 ester bonds whereas phospholipids have 2;
Both contain C, H and O whereas phospholipids also contain P; Must relate to element.
AS (Lipids AO1)
Contrast the properties of triglycerides and phospholipids.
Triglycerides are hydrophobic/non-polar whereas phospholipids have hydrophilic/polar and hydrophobic region;
Phospholipids form bilayer whereas triglycerides don’t;
AS (Lipids AO1)
Triglycerides are hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
AS (Lipids AO1)
Explain the arrangement of phospholipids in a cell-surface membrane.
- (As a) Bilayer
- Hydrophobic (fatty acid) tails point away/are repelled from water
OR
Hydrophilic (phosphate) heads point to/are in/are attracted to water;
AS (Lipids AO1)
TRUE or FALSE
Phospholipids are hydrophobic AND hydrophilic
TRUE
Hydrophobic fatty acids tails and hydrophilic phosphate head
AS (Lipids AO1)
Explain the arrangement of phospholipids in a cell-surface membrane (3 marks)
1. Phospholipid both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
OR
Phospholipid polar
OR
Phosphate group is charged;
2. Triglycerides only hydrophobic
OR Fatty acid/triglyceride is non-polar;
3. Hydrophilic/phosphate group attracts water (to either side of bilayer)
AS (Lipids AO1)
Draw and label a simple diagram of the phospholipid bilayer
AS (Lipids AO1)
Draw and label a simple diagram of a single phospholipid molecule
AS (Water AO1)
Explain the importance of water as a metabolite
This means water can be involved in metabolic reactions such as condensation and hydrolysis.
AS (Water AO1)
Explain the importance of water as a solvent
This allows metabolic reactions to occur AND also allows the transport of substances.
AS (Water AO1)
Explain the importance of the high specific heat capacity of water
This ‘buffers’ changes in temperature.
It requires lots of energy to break the hydrogen bonds in water
AS (Water AO1)
Explain the importance of the large latent heat of vaporisation of water
This provides a cooling effect (through evaporation).
AS (Water AO1)
Explain the importance of Cohesion
between water molecules
This supports the formation of continuous columns of water (which is needed to move water up the xylem).
Cohesion also produces surface tension which supports small organisms on the surface of water e.g., pond skaters.
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
Describe how the results from the colorimeter can identify the fruit juice containing the higher sugar content.
High(er) absorbance (has more sugar)
OR
Low(er) transmission (has more sugar);
More sugar = darker precipitate (brick red) which absorbs more light
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
What term is used to describe the different structures of α-glucose and β-glucose?
Isomer
Isomers have same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms
AS (Lipids AO1)
The general structure of a fatty acid is RCOOH.
Name the group represented by COOH.
Carboxyl
AS (Carbohydrates AO1)
The student controlled variables in the test using Benedict’s solution.
Give two variables the student controlled.
- Benedict’s (solution) volume;
- Benedict’s (solution) concentration;
- (Fruit) juice volume;
- (Water bath/water/solution) temperature;
- Duration of heating (in water bath);
AS (Carbohydrates AO2)
Carbon = 18
Hydrogen = 32
Oxygen = 16
Two glycosidic bonds formed, so two molecules of water produced
AS (Carbohydrates AO2)
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are polymers of galactose.
Explain why GOS are described as polysaccharides (2).
1. Galactose is a monosaccharide/monomer;
2. Polysaccharide is a carbohydrate polymer;
3. Several monosaccharides / monomers / galactose joined by condensation reactions
OR monosaccharides / monomers / galactose joined by glycosidic bonds;
AS (Carbohydrates AO2)
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are polymers of galactose.
Give two differences between the structures of GOS and lactose.
1. Lactose contains (alpha) glucose and GOS does not
OR Lactose contains (alpha)glucose + galactose and GOS contains only galactose;
2. Lactose is a disaccharide and GOS is a polysaccharide;
3. Lactose has one glycosidic bond and GOS has many glycosidic bonds;
AS (Proteins AO1)
Draw out and label an amino acid