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Hannah Made Biology Full A Level Flashcards - pp > Genetic Info And Variation Between Organisms > Flashcards

Genetic Info And Variation Between Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Define non coding base sequences and where are they positioned on genome

A

Base sequence that does not code for AA or protein.
Positioned between genes.
DO NOT MENTION INTRONS.

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2
Q

How many amino acids

A

20

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3
Q

Gametes have a … number of chromosomes

A

haploid

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4
Q

what does random fertilisation produce?

A

Different combinations of chromosomes from both parents.

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5
Q

Mixing of genetic material in sexual reproduction increases…

A

genetic diversity within species.

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6
Q

what process are gametes formed from?

A

meiosis

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7
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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8
Q

what are chromatids

A

two copies of each chromosome

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9
Q

In meiosis, DNA condenses to form…

A

double-armed chromosomes, made from two sister chromatids

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10
Q

sister chromatids are joined by?

A

centromere

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11
Q

what are the products of meiosis

A

4 genetically different gametes - haploid number of chromo.

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12
Q

What leads to genetic variation?

A

-Crossing over
-Independent segregation

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13
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

during meiosis 1

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14
Q

what is crossing over?

A

during meiosis 1 - homologous pair of chromosomes come together and pair up.
chromatids twist around each other, and bits of chromatids swap over.
chromatids contain the same genes but different combinations of alleles

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15
Q

What is independent segregation?

A

When chromosomes are separated in meiosis 1 its completely random - so daughter cells produced have different combinations

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16
Q

How is meiosis different from mitosis?

A

2 divisions
first separated homologous chromosomes, second then separated sister chromatids.
2 identical in mitosis
4 different in meiosis

17
Q

What is the affect of chromosome mutation

A

causes errors in meiosis

18
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

failure of chromosomes to separate

19
Q

What chromosome mutation causes Downs syndrome?

A

non-disjunction, homologous pair fails to separate.
3 copies of chromosome 21

20
Q

How can a change in the base sequence in gene still result in a viable protein?

A

Degenerate nature of the genetic code.
Means multiple base triplets will code for the same amino acid.
So same tertiary structure of protein.

21
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of a single gene

22
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

The number of diferent alleles of genes in a species or population

23
Q

How is genetic diversity in population increased?

A

Mutations in DNA - forming new alleles.
DIfferent alleles being introduced into a population when individuals from another population migrate - known as gene flow.

24
Q

What is a genetic bottleneck?

A

catastrophic event that causes a massive reduction in the population.

25
Q

What does the Founder Effect describe?

A

Describes what happens when just a few organisms from a population start a new colony and there are only a small number of alleles in the initial gene pool

26
Q

What increases as a result of natural selection?

A

The proportion of advantageous alleles in the population

27
Q

What is the taxa groups used to classify organisms?

A

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

28
Q

Each group in the taxa groups is called a …

A

Taxon

29
Q

What is species richness?

A

Measure of the number of different species in a community

30
Q

What is biodiversity

A

the variety or living organisms in an area

31
Q

Habitat

A

the place where an organism lives

32
Q

Community

A

all the populations of different species in a habitat

33
Q

Areas of high biodiversity will have …

A

lots of different species

34
Q

Biodiversity can be measured using …

A

Index of diversity

35
Q

When investigating biodiversity, the higher the number of d then the more …

A

the more diverse the area is.

Hannah Made Biology Full A Level Flashcards - pp (10 decks)

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