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Hannah Made Biology Full A Level Flashcards - pp > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of ATP Hydrolase in sodium potassium pump?

A

ATP -> ADP + Pi . Releases energy. Allows ions to be moved against conc. gradient.
Active transport

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2
Q

How does sodium potassium pump allow co- transport of glucose?

A

Na+ conc gradient maintained. Higher conc outside than inside the cell. So Na+ can move in by co-transport bringing glucose with it.

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3
Q

What are the features of a cell specialised for absorption?

A
  • folded membrane/microvilli, so large SA for absorption.
  • large number of channel/carrier proteins for fast absorption rate.
  • large number of mitochondria so more ATP
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4
Q

Describe how amino acids joint to make polypeptide

A

Amino acids join by condensation reaction. Which forms peptide bond which joins amine and carboxyl groups.
Free amine group at one end and free carboxyl group at the other.

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5
Q

Higher absorbance indicates…

A

More pigment released in solution

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6
Q

How does ethanol affect membranes?

A

Ethanol/alcohol dissolves the phospholipid membrane

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7
Q

How does acid affect membranes?

A

Acid denatures membrane proteins, increases permeability

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8
Q

Draw and label structure of antibody

A

Two long strands, two short strands, antigen specific binding site, variable region, disulfide bridge

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9
Q

How can an antibody be specific to two different types of antigen/reactant?

A

Have same/v similar structure, antibody complementary to both

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10
Q

Differences between DNA in the nucleus of plant cell and prokaryotic cell

A

Plant - pro
Longer - shorter
DNA associated with proteins called histones - DNA not associated with histones.
Linear - circular (plasmids)

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11
Q

What does reverse transcriptase do?

A

Makes DNA from RNA

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12
Q

Non specific response?

A

Physical barrier - skin
Phagocytosis - engulfing pathogen, lysosome, phagolysosome, digestive enzymes, harmless products released.
Antigen- presenting cells produced - trigger cell-mediated response

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13
Q

What activates Thelper cells?

A

Thelper cells bind to antigen on APC - activates cloning

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14
Q

What do killer T cells do

A

Destroy infected cells, release perforin, cells die

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15
Q

Which lymphocytes involved in humoral response?

A

B lymphocytes

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16
Q

Describe herd immunity

A

Large proportion of population vaccinated. So pathogen cannot spread. Unvaccinated people v low risk. Important as protects the people who cannot get vaccinated.

17
Q

Why is secondary exposure/response quicker?

A

B memory cells are able to quickly differentiate into b plasma cells and produce antibodies if come in contact with same pathogen. So no symptoms.

18
Q

What does HIV do?

A

Takes over T helper cells
Uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA
Uses T helper cells to make copies of virus
Leads to Th dying
No b cells activated
No immunity
Immune system vulnerable
Easily gets infected
Progresses to AIDS

19
Q

How does HIV invade cells?

A
  • binding - attachment proteins bind to CD4 receptors on Th cells
    -entry - envelope fuses with the Th membrane, released capsid into Th cell
  • RNA and Reverse transcriptase released
  • reverse transcription- DNA made from the HIV RNA
  • Transportation - new DNA transported into the nucleus
  • integration - DNA is inserted into cells own DNA which gets replicated when the cell replicates
  • Transcription - cell transcribes inserted DNA to make mRNA which will make HIV proteins and copies of HIV RNA
  • translation - mRNA translated to RNA and viral proteins at Th ribosomes
  • assembly - new HIV viruses made
    -maturation - new virus particles bud off to invade more cells
20
Q

How to separate cell components?

A

Blend - isotonic solution, buffer, ice cold.
Filter - use gauze remove debris and large cell components.
Ultracentrifugation - spin low speed, nuclei settle to pellet - move supernatant to another tube- spin higher speed, mitochondria/chloroplasts will settle to pellet

21
Q

Structure of nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope with pores.
Genetic material in nucleolus
DNA associated with histonea

22
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Stored genetic information for polypeptide production
DNA replication occurs
Production of mRNA and tRNA
Transcription occurs

23
Q

Plant cell wall made from …

A

Cellulose polymer

24
Q

Fungi cell wall made from …

A

Chitin polymer

25
Q

Prokaryote cell wall made from

A

Murein

26
Q

What features of all prokaryote and not features of eukaryotic cells

A

No membrane bound organelles
Murein cell wall
DNA free in cytoplasm
DNA not associated with histones
Circular DNA

27
Q

How does a non competitive inhibitor reduce the rate of enzyme controlled reaction?

A

Binds to site other than active site on enzyme.
Changes shape of active site/tertiarh structure.
So no longer complementary so less/no substrate can bind

Hannah Made Biology Full A Level Flashcards - pp (10 decks)

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