Genetic Improvement Practices

Question 1

used to improve genetics in a breeding program

Answer 1

Genetic selection

Question 2

Breeding for one or two traits at the same time

Answer 2

Tandem selection

Question 3

Practice that eliminates less desirable traits by removing the animals that possess that trait in the flock

Answer 3

Culling

Question 4

Practice where they try to achieve a breed by getting the a bull and cow with the best of the best traits. Example, all bulls that possess the trait are scored. The one with the highest score is used in the breeding program. Same with the cow

Answer 4

Selection index

Question 5

List of the animal’s ancestors

Answer 5

pedigree

Question 6

Evaluating animals involve

Answer 6

comparing pedigrees

Question 7

compares the sires based on the performance of the offspring

Answer 7

Progeny tests

Question 8

Two types of breeding systems

Answer 8

straight breeding
cross breeding

Question 9

It involves mating the animals of the same breed to produce high-quality animals

Answer 9

Straight breeding

Question 10

Type of straight breeding that uses both purebred animals of the same breed

Answer 10

Purebred breeding

Question 11

Type of straight breeding, that uses animals of the same family

Answer 11

inbreeding

Question 12

Type of inbreeding that breeds animals of a very close relationship. Example, father-daughter

Answer 12

Close breeding

Question 13

Type of inbreeding that breeds of the same family for the reason of maintaining the strong trait of a particular animal. Example the female will be bred to its grand sire, or cousin-to-cousin

Answer 13

line breeding

Question 14

Breeding animals of the same breed but different pedigrees

Answer 14

Outcrossing

Question 15

Breeding of a purebred male to a mixed female

Answer 15

Grading up or upgrading

Question 16

Breeding of animals of different breeds

Answer 16

Crossbreeding

Question 17

Type of crossbreeding that breeds animals of different breeds

Answer 17

two-breed cross

Question 18

Mating a crossbreed female to a purebred male of a different breed

Answer 18

three-breed cross

Question 19

Type of cross-breeding that breeds different breeds of males to the succeeding generation of females

Answer 19

rotational cross

Question 20

crossbred female is bred to a male of the same breed as one of the parents of the female

Answer 20

Backcrossing

Question 21

artificial breeding that collects the semen from the male and deposits it in the reproductive tract of the female

Answer 21

Artificial Insemination

Question 22

Advantages of AI

Answer 22

1. Bull does not need to be present
2. Can save cost for feeding and maintaining the bull
3. Can be stored and frozen for years even if the sire is dead
4. Can control diseases

Question 23

Disadvantages of AI

Answer 23

1. Cannot be refrozen once thawed
2. Must be performed by a specialist to avoid contamination.
3. Lower pregnancy rate compared to natural breeding.
4. Must be implanted at the right time of the estrus cycle of the female.

Question 24

Involves breeding the male and female(natural or artificial) then the fertilized egg is transferred to surrogate mothers

Answer 24

Embryo transfer

Question 25

Advantages of ET

Answer 25

1. More offspring is produced, not limited to 1 offspring per year
2. can be frozen
3. can be divided to produce twins or combined with another ovum to mix traits

Question 26

Disadvantages of ET

Answer 26

1. surrogate female’s estrus cycle must be synchronized with the female.
2. Costly
3. Lower pregnancy rate compared to natural breeding