Genetic Foundations of Disease and health

Question 1

Describe Cell Fate

Answer 1

the types of cells this cell will produce (fate can change)

Question 2

Determination

Answer 2

A cell is determined if it is moved from its original area and IS NOT influenced by the new area

Question 3

Specification

Answer 3

Cell is removed and develops normally in isolation

Question 4

Not determined

Answer 4

A cell is moved to a new area and IS influenced by the new area

Question 5

Lineage

Answer 5

All of the cells born from a single cell

Question 6

Morphogenesis

Answer 6

The creation of ordered form in development

Question 7

How do inductive signals relate to embryos and development

Answer 7

An inductive signal will cause the fate of a cell to change

Question 8

What is a permissive signal

Answer 8

a signal that allows cells to reach developmental potential but do not direct their fate

Question 9

What is an instructive signal

Answer 9

a signal that tells cells to adopt a new fate

Question 10

What are examples of 4 long range signals

Answer 10

Hedgehog
TGF beta / BMP
Wnt
FGF

Question 11

What are two examples of short range membrane bound signals

Answer 11

Notch/Delta

Eph/ephrin

Question 12

Can the same signal have different effects? If so, how?

Answer 12

The same inductive signal can induce different changes based on receptors, stage of development, other activating or repressing transcription factors, chromatin state, etc…

Question 13

Notch delta pathway - how do the two cells involve differentiate over time

Answer 13

In the beginning cells both express equal numbers of notch and delta proteins and over time the cells randomly down regulate and upregulate the notch/delta proteins so one has all notch and one is all delta

Question 14

The delta protein is signaling or receptor

Answer 14

signalling

Question 15

The notch protein is signaling or receptor

Answer 15

receptor

Question 16

How does the Notch protein work as a receptor

Answer 16

Upon binding of the delta protein an internal protease cleaves the internal portion of the protein that relocates to the nucleus and where it regulates target gene expression in tandem with Hes B

Question 17

Activin is a member of what signaling molecule family?

Answer 17

TGF Beta

Question 18

What is the role of activin?

Answer 18

Activin works to determine cell fate - no activin allows ectoderm cells to become epidermis
small activin results in blood cells, mesenchyme cells
more activin leads to muscle, notochord and a lot of activin results in cardiac cells

Question 19

The notch pathway involves

Answer 19

Both a transmembrane ligand and transmembrane receptor

Question 20

Wnt pathway involves

Answer 20

Beta catenin

Question 21

FGF pathway involves

Answer 21

kinase

Question 22

TGF pathway involves

Answer 22

Smad’s

Question 23

The TGF pathway

Answer 23

two peptide receptor that dimerize upon binding the ligand, cross phosphorylation occurs and phosphorylation of the Smad, smad binds a Co-smad which allows for entry to the nucleus

Question 24

Phosphorylation of the smad causes

Answer 24

a conformational change that reveals a nuclear localization sequence and either activates or inactivates a gene