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Genetics > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Aneuploidy

A

abnormal amount of chromosomes, can be more or less

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2
Q

What molecule is released when a nucleotide is added to the growing DNA chain

A

PPi (nucleotides are triphosphates)

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3
Q

DNA replication takes how long

A

6-12 hours on average

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4
Q

Mitosis takes how long

A

Always an hour

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5
Q

Prokaryotes have how many origins of replication?

A

1

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6
Q

Eukaryotes (humans) have how many origins of replication?

A

30,000 to 50,000

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7
Q

Eukaryotic origin examples

A

AT rich areas, CpG islands because these kinds of areas are usually open and active due to transcription

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8
Q

Human cells take how long to replicate

A

8-24 hours

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9
Q

Origin is recognized by what complex?

A

Origin recognition complex binds to the Origin in late M and early G1

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10
Q

CDC 6 stands for

A

Cell division cycle 6

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11
Q

CDT 1 stands for

A

DNA recognition 1

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12
Q

MCM helicase complex stands for

A

Mini Chromosome Maintenance Helicase complex

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13
Q

Licensing replication means

A

DNA can only be copied once

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14
Q

The binding of the MCM creates the…

A

replication fork

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15
Q

What two proteins need to be bound to the ORC to allow replication to proceed?

A

cdc6 and cdt1

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16
Q

What is the function of cdc6?

A

Binds to the ORC

17
Q

What is the function of cdt1

A

binds to the MCM and brings to the ORC

18
Q

When does cdc6 peak in the cell?

A

G1 and S

19
Q

When does cdt1 peak in the cell

A

M and G1

20
Q

What is the role of gemini in DNA replication

A

Inhibits cdt1

21
Q

What three enzymes are needed for DNA replication

A

DNA primase/ Pol Alpha - lays down primer
DNA Pol Delta - copies template
Topoisomerase - prevents supercoiling

22
Q

What is the role of Replication Protein A

A

When MCM unwinds the DNA and it becomes ssDNA, to prevent degradation by the cell it is coated by RPA for protection

23
Q

What is the prokaryotic equivalent of topoisomerase I

A

DNA Gyrase

24
Q

What drugs target topoisomerase

A

Antibiotics - quinolone (cipro, naldixic acid)

Anti tumor - etoposide, doxorubicin

25
Q

DNA ligase uses what energy molecule to create a phosphodiester bond

A

ATP

26
Q

What two things happen at the replication fork?

A

Separation of the DNA strands and release of the histones

27
Q

Cohesion is found where and when

A

immediately before the replication fork and on the newly synthesized strands until separation occurs at anaphase

28
Q

Why do telomeres cause problems in replication?

A

Telomeres cause issues in replication because DNA Pol D can only add in the 5’ direction if there is a strand for it to start on. At the 5’ end of the chromosome there is nothing there compared to the 3’ side because the RNA primers can be removed but DNA Pol D cannot add new nucleotides

29
Q

Telomerase is a

A

reverse transcriptase

30
Q

What are 4 possible mechanisms drugs could use to block DNA replication

A

Block or reduce synthesis of nucleotides
Inhibit DNA Polymerase
Cross link DNA strands so they do not separate
Incorporate nucleoside analog into DNA chains causing weakness and chain termination

31
Q

How does Acyclovir work

A

similar to guanosine and i converted to a Acyclovir “nucleotide” and inserted into the chain causing chain termination

32
Q

How does foscarnet work (Foscavir) and what does it treat

A

reversibly blocks the pyrophosphate binding site of the viral polymerase stopping the release of PPi and stops the polymerase from continuing. Foscavir treats Herpes

33
Q

Azidothymidine treats HIV through what action

A

chain termination (Know more?)

34
Q

Sustiva treats HIV through what mechanism

A

Non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

35
Q

Name of clamp that holds DNA Pol Delta to DNA

A

PCNA - Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

36
Q

What enzyme complex is responsible for Okazaki fragements

A

Primase/DNA Pol Alpha

Genetics (10 decks)

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