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psy 1001 > genetic foundations > Flashcards

genetic foundations Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What do chromosomes contain?

A

A: DNA

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2
Q

Q: What are sperm and egg cells called?

A

A: Gametes

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3
Q

Q: How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

A: 23 single chromosomes (half as many as other cells)

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4
Q

Q: What happens when gametes meet during fertilization?

A

A: They create 23 pairs of chromosomes, forming a zygote.

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5
Q

Q: Who determines the sex of a child?

A

A: Dad

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6
Q

Q: What does the 23rd chromosome pair determine?

A

A: The sex of the zygote.

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7
Q

Q: What are the sex chromosome combinations for female and male?

A

A: XX = Female, XY = Male

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8
Q

Q: Why do men experience disorders that women do not (e.g., colorblindness)?

A

A: Because the X chromosome contains more information.

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9
Q

Q: What is the concept of intersex variation?

A

A: Sex is not strictly male or female but a spectrum including male, female, and intersex.

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10
Q

Q: What are some characteristics of intersex individuals?

A

A: They may have both sets of gonads and can be identified at birth, puberty, or adulthood.

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11
Q

Q: What are the two types of gene inheritance?

A

A: Homozygous (genes are alike) and Heterozygous (genes are different).

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12
Q

Q: What does “dominant gene” refer to?

A

A: A gene that affects characteristics and overrides the effect of a recessive gene.

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13
Q

Q: Give examples of dominant traits.

A

A: Dark hair, curly hair, eye color

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14
Q

Q: What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

A: Genotype is the total of all genes inherited; phenotype is how genes are expressed or observed characteristics.

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15
Q

Q: What is polygenic inheritance?

A

A: Traits determined by more than one gene, such as skin color and height.

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16
Q

Q: What field studies the influence of heredity and environment on human traits?

A

A: Behavior Genetics

17
Q

Q: What do twin studies examine?

A

A: The degree to which identical and fraternal twins are similar.

18
Q

Q: What do adoption studies seek to discover?

A

A: Whether adopted children resemble adoptive parents (home environment) or biological parents (heredity).

19
Q

Q: How can the environment affect genes?

A

A: The environment can turn genes on or off, influencing traits and behaviors.

20
Q

Q: What is epigenetics?

A

A: The study of how environmental factors can affect gene activation, with the concept that “genes load the gun, environment pulls the trigger.”

21
Q

Q: What are microelectrode techniques used for?

A

A: Studying individual cells.

21
Q

Q: What are macroelectrode techniques used for?

A

A: Studying overall brain activity.

22
Q

Q: What is structural imaging and name two techniques.

A

A: Structural imaging provides a “snapshot” of the brain’s structure. Techniques include CT scan and MRI.

23
Q

Q: What is functional imaging and name one technique.

A

A: Functional imaging provides a “video” of brain activity. One technique is EEG (electroencephalograph).

24
Q

Q: What are some effects of the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)?

A

A: Dilates pupils, weak stimulation of saliva, accelerated heart, dilates bronchi, inhibits stomach motility.

25
Q

Q: What are the two main components of the PNS?

A

A: The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

26
Q

Q: What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

A: Voluntary movements and the sensory information from the body to the CNS.

27
Q

Q: What are the primary functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

A: Regulating involuntary physiological functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.

28
Q

Q: What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

A: The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

29
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

A: To prepare the body for “fight or flight” responses by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and other stress-related functions.

30
Q

Q: What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

A: It promotes “rest and digest” activities, slowing the heart rate and increasing digestion and other restorative functions.

psy 1001 (4 decks)

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