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psy 1001 > Drugs & Toxins that simulate Action of Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Drugs & Toxins that simulate Action of Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What microorganism produces the toxin that causes botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

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2
Q

: How do people typically contract botulism?

A

By eating food contaminated with the bacteria Clostridium botulinum.

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3
Q

What effect does the botulism toxin have on the body?

A

It prevents the release of acetylcholine (Ach), which can lead to paralysis and death.

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4
Q

What is Botox and what is it made from?

A

Botox is a drug made from the toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, the same toxin that causes botulism.

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5
Q

How does LSD affect serotonin-releasing neurons?

A

LSD inhibits serotonin-releasing neurons, which can lead to hallucinations and lack of dream suppression during consciousness.

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6
Q

What is the primary function of the medulla in the hindbrain?

A

It controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

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7
Q

What does the pons regulate?

A

The pons regulates the sleep/wake cycle.

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8
Q

What role does the cerebellum play in the hindbrain?

A

The cerebellum is involved in balance and coordination of movement.

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9
Q

What are the primary functions of the midbrain?

A

It acts as a relay point for hearing and vision and is one of the places where pain is registered.

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10
Q

Name three brain structures found in the midbrain.

A

Superior colliculus, Inferior colliculus, Substantia nigra.

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11
Q

What is the function of the thalamus in the forebrain?

A

The thalamus acts as a sensory switchboard.

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12
Q

What does the hypothalamus govern?

A

The hypothalamus governs motivational and emotional responses such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and temperature control

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13
Q

What is the limbic system primarily linked to?

A

The limbic system is linked primarily to memory, emotions, and drives.

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14
Q

Q: What functions are associated with the frontal lobes?

A

A: Voluntary movement, attention, and goal-directed behavior.

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15
Q

Q: What is the primary role of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

A: It registers and processes body sensations.

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16
Q

Q: What information does the temporal lobe process?

A

A: Information concerning hearing, smell, balance, and equilibrium.

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17
Q

Q: What does the occipital lobe primarily process?

A

A: Information for vision.

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18
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the reticular formation?

A

A: It is responsible for alerting and arousing higher parts of the brain.

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19
Q

Q: What role does the hippocampus play in the limbic system?

A

A: The hippocampus aids in processing memory for storage.

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20
Q

Q: What are the functions of the amygdala?

A

A: The amygdala is involved in fear and aggression.

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21
Q

Q: What are the primary functions of the hypothalamus in the limbic system?

A

A: Bodily maintenance functions and pleasurable rewards.

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22
Q

Q: What functions are associated with the left hemisphere of the brain?

A

A: Right hand touch/movement, speech/language, and writing for right-handed individuals.

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23
Q

Q: What functions are associated with the right hemisphere of the brain?

A

A: Left hand touch/movement, spatial construction, face recognition, and nonverbal imagery.

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24
Q

Q: What are some effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

A: Dilates pupils, accelerates heart rate, constricts arterioles, dilates bronchi, inhibits stomach motility and secretions.

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25
Q

Q: What are some effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

A: Constricts pupils, stimulates tear glands, strong stimulation of salivary flow, inhibits heart rate, dilates arterioles, constricts bronchi, stimulates stomach motility and secretion.

26
Q

Q: What hormone does the thyroid gland produce and what does it regulate?

A

A: The thyroid gland produces thyroxin, which regulates the body’s rate of metabolism.

27
Q

Q: What is the function of the adrenal cortex?

A

A: It releases hormones important for dealing with stress.

28
Q

Q: What does the pancreas secrete to regulate blood-sugar levels?

A

A: The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon.

29
Q

Q: What are genes and where are they found?

A

A: Genes are elements that control the transmission of traits and are found on chromosomes.

30
Q

Q: What is the difference between dominant and recessive genes?

A

A: Dominant genes control the appearance of a trait, while recessive genes only control a trait when paired with another recessive gene.

31
Q

Q: What do strain studies in animal behavior genetics examine?

A

A: They study the heritability of behavioral traits using genetically similar inbred animal strains.

32
Q

Q: What is the goal of adoption studies in human behavior genetics?

A

A: To determine the relative influence of heredity and environment on human behavior.

33
Q

Q: What are the main principles of natural selection?

A

A: Variations exist between individuals, characteristics may be inherited, individuals with advantageous characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce, and advantageous offspring are more likely to survive and pass on their genes.

34
Q

Q: What is the function of the superior colliculus in the midbrain?

A

A: The superior colliculus is involved in visual processing and eye movements.

35
Q

Q: What role does the inferior colliculus play in the midbrain?

A

A: The inferior colliculus is involved in auditory processing and sound localization.

36
Q

Q: What is the function of the substantia nigra in the midbrain?

A

A: The substantia nigra is involved in movement control and is affected in Parkinson’s disease.

37
Q

Q: What specific sensations does the primary somatosensory cortex process?

A

A: It processes sensations of touch and bodily position.

38
Q

Q: What is the primary role of the primary motor cortex?

A

A: It controls voluntary muscle movements.

39
Q

Q: Which parts of the brain does the reticular formation extend through?

A

A: The reticular formation extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and part of the forebrain.

40
Q

Q: What is the main function of the reticular formation?

A

A: To alert and arouse higher parts of the brain.

41
Q

Q: What is the purpose of microelectrode techniques?

A

A: To study the functioning of a single neuron.

42
Q

Q: What do macroelectrode techniques measure?

A

A: They measure cortical activity, such as through an electroencephalogram (EEG).

43
Q

Q: How does a computerized axial tomography (CT) scan work?

A

A: It uses X-ray photos to show structures of the brain by passing radioactive rays through bone and brain tissue.

44
Q

Q: What does magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilize to create brain images?

A

A: MRI uses alterations in the electromagnetic field of the body created by a magnet to measure movement of nuclei.

45
Q

Q: What does an electroencephalograph (EEG) measure?

A

A: It measures electrical activity in the brain.

46
Q

Q: How do magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic source imaging (MSI) work?

A

A: They measure the strength of magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain to identify its source.

47
Q

Q: How does positron emission tomography (PET) show brain activity?

A

A: PET scans show brain activity by measuring radiation from radioactive water injected into the bloodstream.

48
Q

Q: What does the parathyroid gland secrete and what is its role?

A

A: The parathyroid gland secretes parathormone, which controls and balances calcium and phosphate levels in blood and tissue fluids.

49
Q

Q: What does the pineal gland regulate?

A

A: The pineal gland regulates the body’s activity levels over the course of a day.

50
Q

Q: What hormones do the gonads produce?

A

A: The gonads (testes and ovaries) produce hormones related to reproduction and secondary sexual characteristics.

51
Q

Q: What is the role of the adrenal cortex?

A

A: The adrenal cortex releases hormones important for dealing with stress.

52
Q

Q: What does the adrenal medulla release?

A

A: The adrenal medulla releases hormones that help the body respond to stress.

53
Q

Q: What are selection studies in animal behavior genetics?

A

A: They estimate the heritability of traits by breeding animals with the same trait.

54
Q

Q: How do family studies contribute to understanding heritability?

A

A: They compare the similarity of traits between close relatives to determine the influence of genetics versus environment.

55
Q

Q: What is the purpose of twin studies in behavior genetics?

A

A: To determine the relative influence of heredity and environment by comparing identical and fraternal twins.

56
Q

Q: How are identical twins formed?

A

A: Identical twins develop from a single fertilized ovum that splits into two embryos.

57
Q

Q: How are fraternal twins formed?

A

A: Fraternal twins develop from two separate fertilized ova.

58
Q

Q: What is the goal of adoption studies in behavior genetics?

A

A: To determine the relative influence of heredity and environment on behavior by studying adopted children raised by non-biological parents.

59
Q

Q: What is the significance of variations in natural selection?

A

A: Variations between individuals can lead to differential survival and reproduction, affecting the prevalence of advantageous traits.

60
Q

Q: How do advantageous traits affect offspring?

A

A: Offspring with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to future generations.

psy 1001 (4 decks)

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