Genetic Engineering and Transgenic Organisms Flashcards
How are more inherited diseases caused?
When the body cannot make a particular protein.
What protein can people with hemophilia and diabetes not make?
Factor 8 and Insulin
What can genetic engineering used to make?
Make large amounts of protein
What does genetic engineering mean?
Removing a gene from one living organism and putting it into another.
What act as chemical scissors in genetic engineering?
Restriction enzymes
Explain the process of how insulin is injected into diabetics:(6)
- Circular piece of DNA called a plasmid is removed from the Bacterium
- Enzymes used to cut open plasmid
- Human insulin gene put into plasmid
- The new plasmid is put into a new bacterium
- Cell division occurs
- Each bacterium can now make insulin because it has the insulin gene
Genetic engineering makes it possible to make insulin _______ and cheaply on a large scale. The bacteria are grown inside huge industrial __________ called ________. The microbes grow quickly under ideal conditions. Each bacterium is an identical __________ _______ with a copy of the insulin making gene. The insulin is extracted and purified.
Quickly
Fermenters
Bioreactors
Genetic clone
What did people have to do before genetic engineering?
Diabetics had to extract insulin from sheep of pigs. Genetic engineering has made it possible to produce large amounts of safer drugs much more quickly .
What are transgenic organisms?
Organisms that have had genes from another organism transferred into them.
Tracey is a _______ sheep. She has a human gene in her DNA. The gene codes for the production of a very special ________. Scientists transferred the gene for the protein into a __________ sheep’s egg and the egg divided to form an ________. Each time the cells divided, the gene was copied. Eventually Tracey was born with each of her cells containing the _______. The protein is contained in Tracey’s ______, from which it can be extracted and purified. The protein is valuable since it could be used to treat the human lung disease _______ ________.
Transgenic Protein Fertilized Embryo Gene Milk Cystic Fibrosis
____________ lack the protein Factor 8 that helps the blood to clot. Transgenic sheep have been used to make this factor in their milk, from which it can be ________. So called designer has been produced containing human _________ and low __________.
Hemophiliacs
Purified
Antibodies
Cholesterol
The soil bacterium, _________ ______, has been used as a ______, to transfer useful genes like those for herbicide resistance and disease resistance into crop plants.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Vector
Genes from resistant plants have also been introduced into soya beans and so increase their resistance to ________. The crop is sprayed to kill the weeds, leaving the soya beans unaffected. This leads to an increase in yield due to reduced __________ for nutrients and space but has the potential to affect the environment.
Herbicides
Competition
Some plants haven nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots. These can convert atmospheric nitrogen into ________. Soon it may be possible to transfer the nitrogen-fixing gene into plants such as wheat and rice. Such plants would no longer need artificial ________, since they would be able to fix their own _______. This could limit use of fertilizers, which can harm the environment.
Nitrates
Fertilizers
Nitrogen
Genes controlling vitamin __ production have been taken from carrots and out into rice. This has helped to solve the problem in countries that rely on rice, but are _______ in vitamin A.
A
Lacking
