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BIOLOGY > GENETIC ENGINEERING > Flashcards

GENETIC ENGINEERING Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a genome

A

A complete set of genes in a particular organism

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2
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel

A

He preformed experiments on pea plants in his free time to study the inheritance of characteristic from one generation to another - he formulated the basic laws of genetics and is known as the father of genetics

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3
Q

What conclusions were made from Mendels experiments

A
  • hereditary characters are determined by genes
  • a particular gene occurs in 2 or more different forms that affect the same characteristics in different ways these are known as alleles
    Different alleles contain different information about the same characteristics
    Alleles occur at the same location on a specific homologous pair
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4
Q

What is a genotype

A
  • a composition of the gene pair (2 alleles) - it is the genetic makeup of an organism
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5
Q

What is a phenotype

A
  • an observable characteristic of an organism as determined by its genotype - the physical appearance of an organism
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6
Q

What is homozygous

A

When 2 alleles for a particular characteristic on the homologous chromosome are the same eg TT or tt.

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7
Q

What is heterozygous

A

When 2 alleles on the homologous chromosomes differ from each other

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8
Q

What is mendels law of segregation

A

During meiosis homologous pairs separate from each other this each gamete that is produced receives only one allele of a gene pair

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9
Q

What is complete dominance

A

When one allele is fully dominant over the other

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10
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Where neither allele is dominant and the phenotype is a blend of both characteristics

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11
Q

Co dominance

A

Alleles are equally dominant and both expressed eg cows - red cow crossed with white cow claves will express bith red and white hair

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12
Q

Sex linked genes - why do males generally have more chance of genetic abnormalities

A

The Y is small and carried almost no other genes while the X is larger and carries other genes
In males there is only 1 X chromosome meaning if it carries an abnormality it cannot be masked by a dominant allele of the other X chromosome like it does in females

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13
Q

What are 2 sex linked disorders

A
  • red green colour blindness
  • haemophilia
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14
Q

what is a vector

A

an organism that transfers something

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15
Q

what is recombinant dna

A

refers to the new combining of DNA in the organism that received the new gene

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16
Q

what is gene therapy

A

the integration of genes in cells with faulty or missing genes

17
Q

what are plasmids

A

ring shaped Dna molecules found in bacteria

18
Q

what are antigens

A

a protein molecule that occur on the surface of cells and act as identifying markers

19
Q

what are antigens

A

a protein molecule that occur on the surface of cells and act as identifying markers

20
Q

what is the importance of genetic engineering

A

plays a role in
- synthesis of medicinal drugs (insulin + vaccines )
- cloning (therapeutic (embryo for research) + DNA + reproductive)
- production of new crops (gmos +polyploidy)
- stem cell research

21
Q

name 3 advantages of GMO

A
  • larger better yields and stronger crops
  • cheaper
  • resistant to herbicides
  • fortified crops can be produced
22
Q

name 3 advantages of GMO

A
  • larger better yields and stronger crops
  • cheaper
  • resistant to herbicides
  • fortified crops can be produced
23
Q

name 3 disadvantages of GMOS

A
  • negative effect on humans health (increase in allergies)
  • decreases biodiversity
  • undesirable effect of new gene on organisms in the environment
24
Q

name 2 viewpoints against cloning

A
  • unnatural and against natural selection process
  • decreases genetic variation
  • ethical factors to consider like who controls cloning and who is responsible for the new individuals
25
Q

name 2 viewpoints for cloning

A

-cloning may provide hope for couples who cannot have children
- diseases may be eliminated from population
- replacement of diseases tissue due to cloned organ

26
Q

what are stem cells

A
  • simple, undifferentiated somatic cells that are not yet specialised
    4 main sources
  • embryonic stem cells ( obtained from inner cell mass of an early embryo (blastocyst) the stem cell is called pluripotent)
  • foetal stem cells ( foetus terminated pregnant or umbilical cord/ amniotic fluid and placenta)
  • adult stem cells ( bone marrow, adipose tissue, blood, heart, brain and molar teeth) (multipotent - bc limited potential to differentiate)
  • induced pluripotent stem cells IPSC (any adult stem cell that are genetically reprogrammed to function like embryonic stem cells)
27
Q

uses of stem cells

A
  • brain or spinal cord injuries or to treat cancers or diseases

BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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