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Medical Biochemistry > Genetic Code and Translation > Flashcards

Genetic Code and Translation Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

how are RNA and DNA written (named)?

A

5’ to 3’

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2
Q

how are proteins written (named)?

A

from the N-terminus to the C-terminus

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3
Q

what RNA are most responsible for translation?

A

rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

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4
Q

how can 4 bases specify the 20 different amino acids

A

some amino acids MUST have more than 1 codon - the code is redundant

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5
Q

how are mRNA messages read?

A

genetic code is non-overlapping, no spaces

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6
Q

how many reading frames does dsDNA have?

A

3 possible reading frames on top
3 possible reading frames on bottom
= 6 reading frames

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7
Q

insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides will lead to what?

A

frameshift mutation

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8
Q

what will insertion or deletion of three nucleotides lead to?

A

inframe mutation (insertion or deletion)

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9
Q

what happens when there is insertion or deletion of any multiple of 3 (3,6,9,12)?

A

nucleotides will lead to larger inflame mutations

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10
Q

what are the stop codons?

A

UGA
UAG
UAA

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11
Q

what is the start codon?

A

AUG

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12
Q

what is special about tryptophan and methionine?

A

only has 1 codon to code for it

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13
Q

in most amino acids, there can be more than 1 _____ to specify that amino acid.

A

codon

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14
Q

why is the genetic code NEARLY universal?

A

mitochondria has differences, not as many base pairing like in our chromosomal nuclei

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15
Q

what are ribosomes? what are they made of?

A

they are the RNA machine
made of 2/3 RNA and 1/3 protein
Prokaryotes - odd
Eukaryotes - even

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16
Q

why aren’t the 50S and 30S additive?

A

they are not perfect spheres, they are different shapes

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17
Q

where on the tRNA is the amino acid attachment site?

A

3’ OH

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18
Q

where are 3 bases on the mRNA recognized by base pairing?

A

anticodon loop

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19
Q

what does the anticodon loop 5’ position “wobble” position have?

A

Inosinate

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20
Q

because of insinuate what can happen?

A

multiple base pair to different positions on the mRNA

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21
Q

what is the wobble hypothesis?

A

predicted base pair between the 5’ position of the anticodon and the 3’ position of the codon

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22
Q

if there are 61 codons, how many tRNA do you need?

A

less than 61 because some tRNAs can read more than 1 codon

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23
Q

what is a charged tRNA?

A

tRNA carrying amino acid - covalently bonded

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24
Q

how is the reaction of amino acid attachment onto tRNA driven?

A

by hydrolysis of pyrophosphate

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25
Q

what are the steps in forming a polypeptide polymer from an RNA template?

A 
acitvation of the monomer
initiation
elongation
termination
processing the polymer
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26
Q

one mRNA has how many reading frames

A

3

27
Q

what does snoRNA do?

A

splice rRNA

28
Q

what does snRNA do?

A

splice mRNA

29
Q

how many reading frames does ds DNA have?

A

6

30
Q

which ribosome is bigger E or P?

A

eukaryote - more proteins

31
Q

what can I pair with?

A

U, C or A

32
Q

what happens during activation of translation?

A

to charge tRNA

  1. enzyme bound amino-acid-adenylate
  2. formation of amino acyl tRNA
33
Q

what do eukaryotes use as the first amino acid in translation?

A

AUG - methionine Met

34
Q

what do prokaryotes use as the first amino acid in translation?

A

N-formyl methionine

35
Q

prokaryotes have 2tRNAs for methionine what do they do?

A

one allows formation of fMet, the other recognizes internal AUG codons

36
Q

when is GTP hydrolysized during initiation?

A

as the 50S subunit joins to form the 70S complex ribosome

37
Q

where is shine delgarno sequence found? what does it have?

A

only in prokaryotes - sequence is purine (A,G) rich and resides a few bases 5’ to start the condon

38
Q

what are the 3 steps in elongation (translation)?

A

binding of aminoacyl tRNA
formation of peptide bond
translocation of mRNA relative to ribosome

39
Q

what catalyzed the activity of the portino of the 50S ribosome in elongation?

A

ribozymes

40
Q

What is EF-G

A

prokaryotic - GTPase protein

41
Q

what is EF-G in eukaryotes called?

A

EF-2

42
Q

why does the zymogen activateion of an inactive precursor even happen post translation?

A

to protect the cell from begin digested by its own products - digestive proteins, capases to activate apotheosis

43
Q

how many nucleotide bases are in a codon?

A

3

44
Q

what are the codons for glycine (gly)/

A 
GG -A
GG-U
GG- C
GG-G
*can have any nucleotide base in third position (3')
45
Q

what structure of tRNA resembles a clover leaf?

A

secondary

46
Q

what nucleotide bases are at the 3’ end OH group where the aa attaches?

A

CCA

47
Q

what is special about the tRNA alanine with IGC anticodon?

A

3 codons for alanine so I can bind with U C or A

48
Q

what permits the base pairing between two purines?

A

adenosine/ionsine arrangement between codon/anticodon

49
Q

what is the only free aminoacyl-tRNA to bind to the P site first in prokaryotes?

A

tRNA fMet

50
Q

Catalyzed by an enzymatic activity of the RNA portion of the 50S ribosome

A

–a Ribozyme

51
Q

prokaryotes: polycistronic or monocistronic?

A

poly

52
Q

eukaryotes: polycistronic or monocistronic?

A

mono

53
Q

what is interesting about prokaryotic translation?

A

transcription and translation are coupled

54
Q

why isn’t eukaryotic translation not coupled?

A

because of nuclear membrane

55
Q

how many tRNA do eukaryotic and prokaryotes have?

A

2 each

56
Q

why do they need 2 tRNAs

A

the idea is to get the FIRST Met to the Psite to allow initiation

57
Q

on what amino acids does protein phosphorylation by a kinase take place?

A

Ser/Thr
more common than tyrosine phosphorylation
phophate is transfered from ATP to protein

58
Q

what is an example of a tyrosine kinase?

A

insulin receptor - phosphate is transfered from ATP to protein tyrosine

59
Q

what way do glycan groups always face in glycosylation?

A

always face extracellular side

60
Q

what is O linked glycolsylation of Ser/Thr?

A

glycolsylation of the OH gropus

61
Q

what is N linked glycosylation

A

glycosylation of asparagine not glutamine!!!

62
Q

how does the cell target RAS to the plasma membrane?

A

lipid anchor mechanism

63
Q

What is preproinsulin?

A

Translation of the polypeptide is directed into the lumen of the rER and forms “preproinsulin”

64
Q

how is proinsulin formed?

A

The signal sequence is cleaved in the lumen of the rER

Medical Biochemistry (17 decks)

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