Genetic basis of behavior _ د.عباس

Question 1

how many perspectives in the study of psychology ?

Answer 1

-six perspectives in the study of psychology

Question 2

Each perspective provide a ————————— and focus on ———————-

Answer 2

Each perspective provide a different conception of human nature and focus on different cuases of behavior

Question 3

what’re the six perspectives?

Answer 3

1- The biological perspective
2-The cognative perspective
3-The behavioral perspective
4-The psychodynamic perspective
5-The humanistic perspective
6-The socio-cultural perspective

Question 4

The biological perspective

Answer 4

View human as :
complex animals

and focus on:
genetic and physiological influances on behavior
in which mental events are seen as the outcome of physiological processes.

Question 5

according the the biological perspective mental events are seen as the outcome of what ?

Answer 5

mental events are seen as the outcome of physiological processes and genetic

Question 6

The cognative perspective

Answer 6

Views humans:
as rational information processor and problem solvers whose higher mental processes allow them to think, judge, imagine and plan

عقلاني, منطقيrational

Question 7

The behavioral perspective

Answer 7

believe:
the role of external environment and learning in behavior

scientist :
Watson and Skinner felt that control of the environment was the key to bringing about positive social and personal changes

Question 8

The psychodynamic perspective

Answer 8

believe:
role of unconscious impulses, internal needs, conflicts and defence mechanisms in shaping of behavior.

scientist :
Freud

Question 9

The humanistic perspective

Answer 9

believe :

role of self-actualization, freedom, and choice on behavior.

Question 10

The socio-cultural perspective

Answer 10

believe :

role of social factors, values, beliefs, traditions cultural learning on behavior.

Question 11

which perspective deals with the role unconscious mind ?

Answer 11

The psychodynamic perspective
Freud emphasize the role of unconscious impulses, internal needs, conflicts and defence mechanisms in shaping of behavior

Question 12

which perspective deals with the role self-actualization and the freedom?

Answer 12

The humanistic perspective

Emphasize the role of self-actualization, freedom, and choice on behavior

Question 13

which perspective deals with the role environment ?

Answer 13

The behavioral perspective
Behaviorists emphasize the role of external environment and learning in behavior.
Watson and Skinner felt that control of the environment was the key to bringing about positive social and personal changes

Question 14

which perspective deals with the role traditions ?

Answer 14

The socio-cultural perspective

Emphasize the role of social factors, values, beliefs, traditions cultural learning on behavior

Question 15

which perspective deals with the idea that human as problem solver ?

Answer 15

The cognative perspective
Views humans as rational information processor and problem solvers whose higher mental processes allow them to think, judge, imagine and plan.

Question 16

which perspective deals with the role of the genetic and physiological processes?

Answer 16

The biological perspective
View human as complex animals and focus on genetic and physiological influances on behavior, in which mental events are seen as the outcome of physiological processes.

Question 17

———— combines with —————–to determine our behavior

Answer 17

Genetic endowment combines with environmental factors to determine our behavior

-favorable or unfavorable environmental conditions can affect the geneticaly inherited potential of an organism

Question 18

Genotype is

Answer 18

Genotype is specific genetic make up of the individual ,e.g Klinefelter syndrome genotype are XXXY,XXYY,XXXXY,XXY

Question 19

Phenotype are

Answer 19

Phenotype are the observable characteristics of individual produced by that genetic endowment.

Question 20

Heritability is

Answer 20

Heritability is proportion of variance attributable to genetic effects.

Question 21

heritability coefficient means

Answer 21

heritability coefficient means :
The extent to which the degree of variation among a group of people in particular characteristic can be attributed to genetic factors

It applied :

only to differences within groups not to the contribution of genetic factors to any individual within that group

Question 22

what’re Behavior genetic techniques to estimate the heritability coefficient ?

Answer 22

A-Epidemiological studies

B-The molecular genetic studies

Question 23

Epidemiological studies of the behavior include ..

Answer 23

1-Family studies
2-Adoption studies
3-Twin studies

Question 24

Family studies

Answer 24

• An individual’s first –degree relatives (parents , sibling, and children) share on average 50% of his genes,
• second- degree relatives (Grandfather, Aunt ,Nephew, Cousin) share on average 25% of his genes
• Shared environment can also be a powerful source of resemblance between relatives ,especially for behavioural traits

Question 25

Adoption studies

Answer 25

In which a person who was adopted early in life is compared on some characteristics with both the biological parents and with the adoptive parents. - If the adopted person is more similar to the biological parents than to the adoptive parents , genetic influence is suggested. - If greatest similarity is shown with the adoptive parents , environmental factors are probably more important. Seymour kety in 1978 found that 12% of biological family members of adopted schizophrenic patients has also been diagnosed with schizophrenia compared with a concordance rate of only 3% of adoptive family members suggesting a hereditary link.

Question 26

what's Seymour kety found

Answer 26

Seymour kety in 1978 found that 12% of biological family members of adopted schizophrenic patients has also been diagnosed with schizophrenia compared with a concordance rate of only 3% of adoptive family members suggesting a hereditary link.

Question 27

Twin studies

Answer 27

If the identical twins are far more similar to one anather than are the fraternal twins, a genetic factor is likely to be involved. The concordance rate for schizophrenia among monozygotic twins of schizophrenia is 50% compared with 10 – 12% among dizygotic twins. It is always possible because identical twins are more similar to one anather in appearance they are treated more alike and therfore share more similar environment. To rule out this environmental explanation for greater psychological similarity is by compare set of identical twins who were separated very early in life and raised in different environment. Many psychological characteristics including intelligence, persoality trait and certain psychiatric disorders have anoteable genetic contribution. The correlation coefficients for identical twins on the trait of neuroticism and is almost as greater when they are reared in different environments as when they are reared together

Question 28

The concordance rate for schizophrenia among monozygotic twins

Answer 28

50%

Question 29

The concordance rate for schizophrenia among dizygotic twins.

Answer 29

10 – 12%

Question 30

why the best study is the twin study ?

Answer 30

because identical twins are more similar to one anather in appearance they are treated more alike and therfore share more similar environment. To rule out this environmental explanation for greater psychological similarity is by compare set of identical twins who were separated very early in life and raised in different environment. Many psychological characteristics including intelligence, persoality trait and certain psychiatric disorders have anoteable genetic contribution.

Question 31

The correlation coefficients for identical twins on the trait of neuroticism and is almost as------------when they are reared in different environments as when they are reared together

Answer 31

The correlation coefficients for identical twins on the trait of neuroticism and is almost as greater when they are reared in different environments as when they are reared together

Question 32

The environmental factors interact with genetic ...explain?

Answer 32

-for example one adoption study found that a low incidence of criminal behavior was found in the sons whose biological fathers had no criminal records. In contrast the criminal behavior of sons whose biological father had criminal records was very high even if their adoptive fathers had no criminal records This pattern piont to ----------a genetic component in criminality -The level of criminality was highest for all of those sons whose both biological and adoptive fathers had criminal records, suggesting a combined impact of genetic and environmental factors

Question 33

The aim of the molecular genetic studies is to

Answer 33

identify the genes explaining the inheritance of a phenotype.

Question 34

The molecular genetic studies include

Answer 34

1-The genetic linkage studies 2-The genetic association studies

Question 35

The genetic linkage studies

Answer 35

If a particular locus of chromosome consistently segregates with the disease then that locus is likely to contain the gene, example : the identification of amyloid precursor protein(APP) gene locus on chromosome 21 in familial Alzheimer’s disease.

Question 36

The genetic association studies

Answer 36

The genetic association studies is based on existence of polymorphism and measurment of its frequency in group of people who have the phenotype of interest and compare it with the control group, example: APOE4 association with Alzheimer’s disease Apolipoprotein E

Question 37

Patterns of inheritance

Answer 37

1-Autosomal Dominant 2-Autosomal recessive 3- X-linked recessive 4-X-linked dominant

Question 38

Autosomal Dominant

Answer 38

1-The phenotypic trait is present in all indivituals carrying the dominant allele 2-males and females are affected. 3-male to male transmission can take place 4-transmission is not solely dependent on parental consanguineous matings انتقال لا يعتمد فقط على التزاوج الأقارب الوالدين 5-if one parent is homozygous for the abnormal dominant allele, all the members of F1 will manifest the abnormal phenotypic trait 6-half the offspring of an affected heterozygote will exhibit the abnormal trait E.g Huntingtons disease ,Neurofibromatosis ,Sturge Weber syndrome

Question 39

Autosomal recessive

Answer 39

1-hetrozygous individuals are generally carriers who do not manifest the abnormal phenotypic trait 2-the rarer the disorder, the more likely it is that the parents are consanguineous والأرجح أن الوالدين الأقارب 3-the disorder tend to miss generations but the affected individuals in family tend to be found among siblings E.gTay- Sach disease

Question 40

X-linked recessive

Answer 40

1-all male offspring manifest the abnormal phenotypic trait 2-male –to-male transmission does not take place-all of the daughters of an affected male will be carriers 3-female hetrozygotes are carriers; affected females are rare. E.g Fragile X syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Cerebellar ataxia.

Question 41

X-linked dominant

Answer 41

1-if an affected male mates with an unaffected female ,all the daughters and none of the sons are affected 2-if an unaffected male mates with an affected heterozygous female ,half the daughters and half the sons are affected 3-male –to –male transmission does not take place. E.G Rett syndrome

Question 42

Autosomal Dominant example

Answer 42

Huntingtons disease ,Neurofibromatosis ,Sturge Weber syndrome

Question 43

Autosomal recessive example

Answer 43

Tay- Sach disease

Question 44

X-linked dominant example

Answer 44

Rett syndrome

Question 45

X-linked recessive example

Answer 45

Fragile X syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Cerebellar ataxia.

Question 46

Premises of neurogenetics مباني الوراثة العصبية

Answer 46

Specific genetic basis will emerge for certain psychiatric disorders. - Schizophrenia - Bipolar l disorder and Major depressive disorder - Tourettes disorder

Question 47

Schizophrenia

Answer 47

%general population = 1% first degree relatives is = 10-12% Second degree relatives= 5-6% Child of two schizophrenic parents=40% Dizygotic twin 12-15%,Monozygotic twin =45-50% Heritability of schizophrenia = 80%

Question 48

Schizophrenia Heritability

Answer 48

80%

Question 49

Schizophreniafirst degree relatives

Answer 49

10-12%

Question 50

Schizophrenia Second degree relatives

Answer 50

5-6%

Question 51

SchizophreniaChild of two schizophrenic parents

Answer 51

40%

Question 52

Schizophrenia Dizygotic twin

Answer 52

12-15%

Question 53

Schizophrenia Monozygotic twin

Answer 53

45-50%

Question 54

Bipolar l disorder and Major depressive disorder | first degree relatives

Answer 54

8-18 times more in the first degree relatives

Question 55

Bipolar l disorder and Major depressive disorder | monozygotic twins.

Answer 55

33-90%

Question 56

Tourettes disorder the mode of transmission

Answer 56

is autosomal dominant

Question 57

Tourettes disorder percentage in male and female ?

Answer 57

of 99% in males and 70% in females - 10% only of patients do not have an affected family member - 90% of patients have a family history of the disorder.