Genetic and Congenital Disorders (ppt3)

Question 1

How do eukaryotic cells arrange their DNA?

Answer 1

Chromosomes

Question 2

What are the proteins DNA is wrapped around?

Answer 2

Histones

Question 3

What is the DNA called when the cell is non-dividing?

Answer 3

Euchromatin

Question 4

What does DNA replicating semi-conservatively mean?

Answer 4

The double strand splits in half, and each side makes a copy of the other side

Question 5

What is DNA?

Answer 5

Its a physical pattern for the production of specific amino acids that produce specific proteins for specific jobs

dna makes>amino acids>makes protein>does job

Question 6

What differentiates types of cells?

Answer 6

which proteins we can and do turn on

Question 7

What is the key from getting from DNA to protein?

Answer 7

RNA

Question 8

What is mRNA?

Answer 8

A copy of RNA that leaves the nucleus and turns into a protein

Question 9

What is tRNA?

Answer 9

it reads mRNA and brings the amino acid for that protein

Question 10

What is rRNA?

Answer 10

the molecule that makes up the ribosomes

(r for ribosome)

Question 11

What is snRNA?

Answer 11

the molecule responsible for RNA processing, when paired with proteins

Question 12

Is Eukaryotic Cell DNA efficient? Why?

Answer 12

No, it has lots of useless stuff (tbh we don’t know what it does yet)

Question 13

What is the non-usable part of DNA called?

Answer 13

INTRONS

Question 14

What are the usable parts of DNA called?

Answer 14

Exons

Question 15

If the ribosome gets this useless ish in the dna what happens?

Answer 15

It makes useless proteins

Question 16

How does the cell seperate good protein from bad?

Answer 16

RNA splicing

Question 17

What do sRNA and proteins form?

Answer 17

snRNP’s (snerps) that make loops that cut dat intron out they life

Question 18

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 18

23

Question 19

What does autosomal mean and how many chromosomes are autosomal?

Answer 19

they code for
the same things in everyone.and theres 22

Question 20

Which pair is the sex chromosome?

Answer 20

23

Question 21

What do males have?

Answer 21

XY

Question 22

What do females have?

Answer 22

XX

Question 23

Whats in the middle of a chromose? That hourglass shape?

Answer 23

A centrosome

Question 24

Can chromosomes be damaged and have parts lost?

Answer 24

YES

Question 25

What is meiosis?

Answer 25

The scrambling and halving of chromosomes so that they recombine with other sex cells

Question 26

What does meiosis do?

Answer 26

It makes sure this random assortment and variation in populations so we al different!

Question 27

What is crossing over?

Answer 27

when two arms of a Chromosome swap with one another.

Question 28

What can cause genetic disorders?

Answer 28

mistakes in meiosis: additions, deletions, mistakes in corssing over and mistakes in random assortment

Question 29

Whats a key tool in determining how particular diseases are inherited across generations

Answer 29

Pedigrees

Question 30

What is Mendels law of segregation

Answer 30

During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

Question 31

What is Mendels law of independent assortment?

Answer 31

Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

Question 32

What is Mendels law of dominance?

Answer 32

Some alleles are dominant while others are recessive; an organism with at least one dominant alleles will display the effect of the dominant allele.

Question 33

What is genetic sequencing? the human genome project

Answer 33

If something is missing or messed up you can predict what can happen

Question 34

Recombinant DNA Technology (Plasmids) –

Answer 34

tiny DNA loops can be added to cells to make them do what they're supposed to

Question 35

DNA Fingerprinting (Gel Electrophoresis)

Answer 35

chopping dna up and switching it around and seeing what happens

Question 36

Gene Therapy

Answer 36

put a gene in a virus and put the virus in a cell

Question 37

RNA Interference –

Answer 37

make a gene stop by messing it up and shutting it down during RNA processing

Question 38

what are Autosomal Dominant Disorders –

Answer 38

on the first 22 and only need one to show up

Question 39

Autosomal Recessive Disorders –

Answer 39

§Found on one of the first 22 chromosomes and need 2 copies to show up.

Question 40

X-Linked Recessive

Answer 40

Found on the 23rd Chromosome. Usually only X is involved, because Y carries very little information other than Androgen production.

Question 41

What are multifactorial disorders

Answer 41

Caused by multiple genes and environmental factors for example cleft lip

Question 42

What are Structural Abnormalities

Answer 42

§result from breakage and possibly relocation or deletion of one or more chromosomes.

Question 43

What is having the wrong number of chromosomes called?

Answer 43

Aneuploidy

Question 44

What are mitochondrial gene disorders?

Answer 44

When mitochondrias own DNA (37 genes) mess up

Question 45

What is a Teratogenic Agent

Answer 45

any substance that causes birth defects or developmental disorders

Question 46

What is the period of vulnerability?

Answer 46

§those critical time spans in the womb where critical cell divisions are taking place

Question 47

What are some examples of teratogens?

Answer 47

radiation, chemicals and drugs, and cheaptorches

Question 48

What is an ultrasonography?

Answer 48

noninvasive technique using high frequency sound waves

Question 49

What are maternal serum markers

Answer 49

§checks for particular substances in the blood

Question 50

What is amniocentesis?

Answer 50

§removes some amniotic fluid from uterus