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pathology > Cellular Adaption, Injury and Death (ppt2) > Flashcards

Cellular Adaption, Injury and Death (ppt2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is atrophy?

A

a decrease in cell size and a lower level of function.

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2
Q

What can cause atrophy?

A
  • Disuse
  • Denervation
  • Loss of Endocrine stimulation
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Ischemia or decreased blood flow.
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3
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

an increase in cell size and an increase of functioning tissue mass.

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4
Q

What is hypertrophy caused by?

A

Caused by an increased workload on particular tissues (usually muscles)

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5
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.

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6
Q

What can cause Hyper plasia?

A
  • Physiologic causes:
    • Hormonal – cell signals trigger replication
    • Compensatory – damage or loss triggers replication as a means of replacement

Non-physiologic causes are excessive hormone interaction and viral infection.

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7
Q

What is metaplasia

A

a reversible change where one adult cell type is replaced by another

if you remove irritation, it will go away

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8
Q

What can cause metaplasia?

A

Caused by chronic irritation and inflammation that allows for the substitution.

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9
Q

What is Dysplasia?

A

deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that

Vary in size, shape, and organization. (CAN GO BACK EXCEPT IN CANCER)

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10
Q

What can cause dysplasia?

A

Caused by irritation and inflammation, but can be reversible

if the irritant or inflammatory agent is removed.

Common precursor toCancer.

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11
Q
A

Atrophic Heart

cells are smaller

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12
Q
A

Normal adipose

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13
Q
A

Adipose with atrophy

cells are smaller

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14
Q
A

Normal Cardiac Muscle

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15
Q
A

Hypertrophic Cardiac Muscle

notice how the cells seem more swollen

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16
Q
A

Normal Thymus

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17
Q
A

Hyperplastic Thymus

notice how there is less space between cells

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18
Q
A

Normal Stomach

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19
Q
A

Metaplasia of the epithelium of the stomach

notice how theres skin cells in the stomach that don’t belong here

20
Q
A

Normal Liver

21
Q
A

Dysplasia of the Liver

notice how the cells have almost completely lost shape

22
Q

What are some Normal body substances INTRAcellular accumalations (inside the cell)

A

Normal Body Substances

  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Melanin
  • Bilirubin
23
Q
A

Liver with bilirubin accumalation

24
Q

What are Abnormal Endogenous Products intracellular accumalations caused by

A

Outcomes of Metabolic Errors

25
Q

What are exogenous agents?

A

Environmental Agents and Pigments

26
Q

What are two INTERcellular accumalations?

A
  • Dystrophic Calcification
    • macroscopic deposition of Calcium salts in injured tissues and can be composed of the bodies of dead or dying cells.
  • Metastatic Calcification-
    • occurs in normal tissues as a result of increased serum Calcium levels (Hypercalcemia).
27
Q
A

Calcification of a Heart valve

28
Q

What are some physical causes of cell injury? (4)

A
  • Mechanical Forces
  • Temperature Extremes
  • Electrical Injuries
  • Radiation Injuries
29
Q

What are some chemical causes of cell injury? (3)

A
  • Drugs
  • Lead Toxicity
  • Mercury Toxicity
30
Q

What are biological causes of cell injury? (2)

A
  • Viruses, Bacteria, Parasites
  • Venom
31
Q

What are some nutritional imbalance causes of cell injury?

A
  • Dietary Deficiencies
  • Obesity
32
Q

What is free radical cell injury?

A
  • highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons in their outer orbit react with molecules in their vicinity
  • chain reactions create MORE FREE RADICALS
33
Q

How are Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) created?

A
  • regular metabolism
  • UV and ionizing radiation
34
Q

What is Oxidative Stress?

A

ROS are greater than their ability to neutralize them.

35
Q

What can happen after sustained Oxidative stress?

A

DNA DAMAGE

36
Q

What causes hypoxis cell injury?

A
  • lack of oxygen to the cell interrupts oxidative respiration and the generation of ATP
  • causes cell damage or death.
  • A switch to anaerobic metabolism causes pH to greatly drop,
  • cell swelling can become unmanageable,
  • no ATP for the Sodium/Potassium pumps in the membrane
37
Q

What causes impaired Calcium Homeostasis?

A
  • calcium must be in LOW LEVELS
  • Ischemia and certain toxins let TOO MUCH IN
  • Phospholipases, proteases, ATPases, and endonucleases are triggered
38
Q

Can cells reverse their injuries?

A

Heck yea (as long as its not too severe)

39
Q

What are the three choices for a cell when its in trouble?

A
  • Recover, and back to normal
  • Apoptosis (a less dramatic normal death)
  • Necrosis (explode and kill everyone else too)
40
Q

What is apoptosis?

A
  • nucleus and cytoplasm shrink and condense,
  • DNA fragments,
  • the cell them blebs off into apoptotic bodies that are digested by a Phagocytic cell.
  • No inflammation!!!!!
41
Q

What is necrosis?

A
  • Inflammation!!
  • Explode all your diseases onto your neighbor cell
  • Interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration
42
Q

What is the evolutionary theory on why cells age?

A

we did not evolve to live endless lives,and are genetically predisposed to die after our reproductive capability is expended as a species.

(you can’t make babies so nature kills u)

43
Q

What is the molecular theory on why cells age?

A

aging as caused by an accumulation of mutations and changes in gene expression
brought on by years of replications and environmental exposure.

(your cells just break down like an old rusty bike)

44
Q

What is the cellular theory as to why cells age?

A

aging as caused by an accumulation of mutations and changes in gene expression
brought on by years of replications and environmental exposure.

(your cells can only multiply so much)

45
Q

What is the systems levels theory as to why cells age?

A 
a decline in the integrated functions of organ systems such as the immune and
neuroendocrine systems (systems that rule all the others).

(your systems just start to break down)

pathology (6 decks)

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