Genesis + Maneuvers Checkride Flashcards
Describe the Electrical System:
- 24 Volt Battery
- 28 alternator
- 60 Amp alternator
- Belt Driven
How might you conserve power in flight if it were needed?
Turn off unnecessary equipment, like:
- Secondary Comms
- VOR Navs (not required for VFR)
What is controlled by the Avionics?
- GPS (KLN-94)
- Comm 1, Comm 2
- Nav 1, Nav 2
- Mode C Transponder.
What does Mode C do?
Encodes/transmits:
- altitude,
- heading
- location (gps)
What is controlled by the Static system?
Altimeter, Airspeed, Vertical Airspeed
What is controlled by the Vacuum?
Heading Indicator and Attitude Indicator
Vacuum enables the gyro
What measurement do you use to determine the 100-hour inspection?
Hobbs Time.
Types of Airworthiness Directives?
- Standard ADs
- Emergency ADs
- Compliance ADs
Some are recurring, some are one-time.
What does a pilot need to fly?
Pilot’s certificate, Medical, Photo ID, and being “current” with bi-annual review
What does a pilot need to fly with passengers?
within preceding 90 days, 3 takeoffs and landings.
For night flight, these must be to a full stop.
What are your controls?
Aileron, Rudder, Elevator
What are the secondary controls?
Trim, Flaps
Describe the Power Plant (engine):
“LHAND”
L: Lycoming io-360 engine.
- S models 2700 RPM, 180 HP, 76 inch prop
- R models 2400 RPM, 160 HP, 75 inch prop
H: Horizontally opposed cylinders (2 per side)
- cylinders are located on either side of a central crankshaft
Air Cooled: Engine has air from outside flowing over it to cool down.
N: Normally aspirated: Air is pulled into the engine via atmospheric pressure.
- i.e. It isn’t a turbo
D: Direct Drive: Propeller is directly connected to the crankshaft and direct to the engine.
___
Landing gear: Fixed, Tricycle Propeller: Fixed, 2-blade, 75 inch Brakes: Hydraulic Fluid, Color is red Gas: 100 LL (Low Lead); sub 100. Color is blue Oil: 5-8 quarts.
What is the difference between Complex and High Performance?
These are additional Endorsements:
High Performance = Horsepower over 200kts
Complex = Variable Propeller, retractable landing gear,, flaps
What kind of plane can you fly with PPL?
Category: Airplane
Class: Single Engine - Land
Differences in Airspeed:
True: actually moving through the air at this speed (corrected for Pressure Altitude and Temp)
Indicated: is what is on the instrument
Calibrated: adjusted for instruments
What are the different Mechanic Logbooks?
1) Airframe
2) Engine / Powerplant
3) Propeller
All three of them need all the inspections (annual and 100 hour)
It is the OWNER’s responsibility that these are conducted. It is the pilot’s responsibility to determine if it is flyable (that day).
What are the required inspections:
AVIATE:
Annual - 12 months
VOR (30 days)
100 Hour (required if aircraft is used for hire or flight instruction for hire—91.409(b))
Altimeter/static (24 calendar months)
Transponder (24 calendar months)
ELT (12 calendar months/ ½ battery, 1hr. cumulative use)
What documents must be in plane?
ARROW:
- Airworthiness Certificate
- Registration
- Radio License (if required by flight ops)
- Operational Handbook
- Weight & Balance
Short Field Landing:
the most common rea-son for a botched short-field landing is skipping the first element, which is going further downwind than normal.
how do you deal with broken equipment?
POH shows full list of comprehensive equipment + shows which are Optional or Required.
If it’s required, you have two choices. You can have it repaired right there, or you can get a ferry permit to fly the plane to a place where it can be fixed.
- ferry permits, “Special Flight Permit”, is attained from local FSDO (Flight Standards District office)
If it’s optional, you have two choices. You can either placard the item inoperative (“INOP”) or remove it from the aircraft. And must document it in maintenance
Special Use Airspaces
MOA: You can fly through these with no call.
Restricted: Need to call to see if it’s active. The call is to the controlling agency; the name and frequency come from the frequency tab on the sectional chart.
Prohibited: You can NEVER fly through
Alert areas: you can fly through them, but there will be activity, so it’s at your own risk. You can call the controlling agency to see if it will be active.
special flight rules
Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) is an area of airspace where the ready identification, location, and control of aircraft is required in the interests of national security.
Spins: What causes, When does it tend to happen, how do you recover?
What Causes:
a stall during uncoordinated flight,
When does it happen?
base-to-final turn in an overshoot
How do you recover? PARE
- P: Pull power to Idle
- A: Ailerons to Neutral
- R: Rudder in opposite direction to spin
- E: Elevator Forward.
stall
stall, and aways ‘step on the ball’ to stay coordinated throughout the maneuver.
crosswind takeoff
make sure your ailerons are fully deflected into the wind before you start rolling. When you look at your wings, your ‘up’ aileron needs to be on the same side the wind is coming from.
As you lift-off, you want to slowly reduce your ailerons to keep your wings level. But at the same time, you’ll notice that you immediately start drifting off the side of the runway.
Because you want to climb out on the extended centerline of the runway, you’ll want to turn into the wind, finding a crab angle that keeps you flying along the extended centerline for your entire climb out.
Soft Field
One goal: transferring your aircraft’s weight from the wheels to the wings as quickly as possible to eliminate drag.
Taxiing:
Keep moving at all times. Avoid stopping to avoid sinking into soft surface
Keep full back pressure on yoke - keep weight off of nose
Takeoff
10 degrees of flaps to increase lift
Smoothly add full power
Full backpressure
Once nose starts to lift off, slightly reduce backpressure
Ground Effect
Once get into Ground effect - STAY AT THAT ALTITUDE until hit Vx or Vy
Positive rate of climb
Once hit Vy (with no obstacles) then can continue climb as normal
Clean airplane: Flaps up
Landing
Normal traffic pattern and approach
Leave in 1000-1200 RPM
61 knots
Hold in Ground Effect
Hold nose up (back pressure) as touch down and for as long as possible
Recommend hitting 1000 foot mark, but not required
FLAPS UP
Short Field
Takeoff
It starts by creating a short ground roll
Full stop at back of runway, the hold brakes and full throttle, full mixture
Use 10 degree flaps
Release brakes when instruments all look good
and take off at 55kts
Add back pressure + climbing at the best angle you can to clear obstacles (Vx) 60 rather than 79 until clear obstacle. Then fly Vy
Then retract flaps
Landing
fly a slightly wider-than-normal traffic pattern (longer downwind)
you should fly final approach with full flaps (500 ft before touchdown)
Speed at 61 knots
As you approach the runway, you want to slowly start reducing your throttle to idle. A short landing requires a firm landing that sacrifices a degree of smoothness but gets the plane on the ground where brakes can be applied.
Reduce to the slowest possible controllable airspeed right at the edge of a stall, and then when the wheels touch, simultaneously chop power, apply brakes and often retract the flaps.
“Simulate max breaking”
Lightly pull back on nose
Metrics measured against
200 ft beyond
Diversion
Heading: adjust immediately
Altitude: Do need to adjust altitude? (If shifting from East or West)
Navigation: Fine tune to make sure heading towards airport. (GPS Direct or VOR)
Use Plotter - Spinny side up with nautical miles
Then use E6B to determine Time it will take to get there
E.g. if we’re flying 105 kts for 35 miles, it will take 20 minutes. If you add in time to do pattern, we can estimate an additional 10 minutes, for a total of 30 min.
So, if we estimate fuel as 8 gallons per hour, and it takes 30 min to get there, we can estimate that is another 4 gallons of fuel.
VOR Operations
1) Put VOR Frequency in the NAV.
2) Listen to morse code to verify that it is correct frequency matching symbols on Sectional Chart.
3) Then, use the associated NAV instrument with OBS (ombibearing selector) knob to locate “TO” Radial and Center the Needle
4) The OBS moves the needle, called the CDI (Course Deviation Indicator)
5) By centering the needle, the course selector indicates either the course “FROM” the station or the course “TO” the station. If the flag displays a “TO,” the course shown on the course selector must be flown to the station.
6) Radial is only your direction relative to the VOR. (It doesn’t know which direction you are pointed)
7) You’ll have to Fly (Intercept) to the heading where the arrow is pointing - aka the radial. When flying that heading, if it is off, turn plane to the correct heading.
8) Then level wings, fly straight, then Recenter CDI needle. Twist OBS knob to center and Fly that heading.
9) during flight, If needle goes to the right, fly right; if needle goes to the left, fly left until needle is recentered
Where do you find the minimum equipment / inoperable equipment information?
14 CFR 91.213. As you know, an aircraft doesn’t have to be in perfect mechanical condition to be considered airworthy. 14 CFR 91.213 is the tool which allows us to continue when there are minor discrepancies which don’t affect the aircraft’s airworthiness, with certain stipulations.
Cessnas don’t have a Minimum Equipment List. You can fly with inoperable equipment, it just needs a placard.
Required equipment for VFR
DAYTIME:
A – Altimeter
T – Tachometer (for each engine)
O – Oil Temperature Gauge (if using a pressure system)
M – Manifold Pressure Gauge (for each altitude engine)
A – Airspeed Indicator
T – Temperature Gauge (for liquid-cooled engines)
O – Oil Pressure Gauge
F – Fuel Gauges (for each fuel tank)
L – Landing Gear Position Indicator (for aircraft with retractable gear)
A – Anti Collision Lights (Stobe lights and Bescon)
M – Magnetic Compass
E – Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
S – Seat Belts
+ NIGHT
F – Fuses (1x complete set unless the plane has circuit breakers)
L – Landing Lights (if flying for hire)
A – Anti Collision Lights (Stobe lights)
P – Position Lights (aka nav lights)
S – Source of Power (i.e. alternator/generator for all electrical and radio equipment)
Stable Air Conditions
Poor visibility
Stratiform Clouds
Continuous Precip
Absence of Turbulence
Unstable Atmosphere
Good visibility Cumuliform Clouds Scattered Precip Turbulent Air Thunderstorms
What are Cloud categories and what are their characteristics?
Cumulus Clouds
- Big lumpy billowy clouds
- Cumulus = accumulation
- Result of convection: indicated unstable air
Stratus Clouds
- Uniform, sheet-like clouds
- Stratus = stratified
- Result of stable air cooling
Nimbus Clouds
- clouds from which rain falls
Fractus Clouds:
- clouds broken into fragments
Lenticular Clouds
- Stationary clouds
Clouds with extensive vertical development
- Cloud bases in the low altitudes
- Tops extend through mid or high altitudes
- Contain super-cooled water at altitudes above the freezing level
- Anvil
What are the cloud classifications?
High Clouds: 16,500-40,000 in temperate regions
Prefix: cirro-
Made up almost entirely of ice
Middle Clouds: 6,500-23,00 ft in temperate regions
Prefix alto-
Made up primarily of water
Forward Slip to Land
1) Bring the power to idle,
2) Fully configured for landing with full flaps
3) Using ailerons, lower the wing on the side in the direction you want to slip. If there’s a crosswind, bank into the wind.
4) Simultaneously in the opposite direction by applying opposite rudder. Step on the rudder enough so that you maintain a straight ground track toward the runway.
Airmet
Airmet: MODERATE 6-hour in length Sierra: “See” - IFR Conditions - Ceilings less than 1000 feet and/or visibility less than 3 miles affecting over 50% of the area at one time.
Tango “Turbulence”
- Turbulence / Sustained surface winds of 30 knots or more at the surface
Zulu: “freeZe”
- Icing
- Freezing levels
Sigmet
Sigmet: SEVERE
Significant Meteorological Information
Usually 4 hours; 6 for hurricanes
Severe or extreme turbulence or clear air turbulence (CAT) not associated with thunderstorms.
Dust storms or sandstorms that lower surface or in-flight visibilities to below three miles
Convective Sigmet
2 hours: most severe
Convective Sigmets
Thunderstorms: more than 40% of area, 60 miles long, or over 30min in length
Tornado
Hail greater than or equal to 3/4 inches in diameter
50 kt wind gusts
When does registration expire?
3 years
Describe pitot tube construction and what would happen in many situations.
With its two pressure chambers separated by a diaphragm.The tiniest pressure differences in the flowing fluid can be precisely measured.
Can your company pay for you to fly to a conference? When can you get reimbursed?
Yes. As long as cost is only incidental (I.e. you’re not making money, it just covers the cost). (61.113)
Reimbursed when flying for charity or a non profit. (91.146)
How to pick waypoints at night?
At night, finding checkpoints is all about lighting. Airport beacons, towns, highways, wind farms, and lit towers are good choices.
Describe airport lighting systems
High Intensity, Medium Intensity, Low Intensity.
Runway: Edges are White + last 2000 feet (or half of runway length, whichever shorter) is yellow. Red line of lights on end shows end of runway.
Taxiway: Blue edges + green center line
When do you need supplemental oxygen?
Above 12500 feet for 30 min, crew must receive.
Immediately receive above 14,000 for crew
Everyone receives above 15,000
Optimum protection: when flying over 10,000 ft during the day and over 5,000 at night
hazardous attitudes and how you can prevent it
IM AIR
Invulnerability -> Correct by knowing no one is impervious
Macho -> Correct by flying safely
Resignation -> Correct by knowing as a pilot, you control the plane.
Anti-authority -> Correct by following rules
Impulsive -> Thinking through things
Recognizing a hazardous thought is the first step towards neutralizing them.
What kind of flaps are there for planes?
Slotted Wing Flap
- Cessnas & most GA planes
- allows smooth air flow over flap at higher angles of attack
Split wing flap (not really used anymore)
Plain wing flap (not really used anymore)
Fowler flap
- used by airliners
- goes back more than down (increases surface area)
What is impact of density altitude?
It shows the density felt by the plane. So, the DA could be and feel like 2,000 ft but you’re only at elevation 700.
Impact is that higher density = worse performance.
- The plane will have longer take off distances and landing distances.
- the air is LESS dense at higher altitudes, which means there are less particles in the air for the propeller to pull and move and power the plane with
When is METAR updated? When is TAF? What is our time relative to Zulu right now?
METAR: within 10 minutes of top of the hour
TAF: 4 times a day
We are 5 hours ahead of Zulu
How are clouds displayed in METAR, TAF, and PIREPS?
METAR and TAF: clouds are AGL. So you have to add our elevation to that number for it to be MSL
PIREPS: clouds are in MSL because it is what the pilot actually sees as the altitude in the plane
What might be causes of Hot Oil Temp?
1) hot air temp. If engine is air cooled, and the air is hot, then the air won’t be able to cool the engine as much. The oil also cools engine, so if the engine is hotter from the hot air, the oil would be hotter as well
2) if pitching up too much, there could be a lack of air flow over the engine, making it hotter when the oil flows through it
3) didn’t fill oil & it needed more
What are potential magnetos issues?
Most bad mag checks are spark plug related when RPM drops over 250. Especially if engine runs rough when testing.
If No RPM drop or only in one, that’s an issue.
- magneto switch could be faulty
- offending magneto’s P-Lead isn’t grounding it correctly. (P-Lead is primary winding in the magneto’s coil)
These all require maintenance.
If an issue occurs in flight, you can test them but not at full power.
Why do we have static rods on the plane?
Allow static to move off the plane
Excess of Static can mess with the instruments
Potentially could be a flammable / safety situation. That is why we “ground” the plane when getting gas
The differences between marginal VFR and VFR.
MVFR criteria means a ceiling between 1,000 and 3,000 feet and/or 3 to 5 miles visibility.
VFR: 3sm visibility, 500 feet below clouds - 1000 feet above clouds - 2000 feet horizontal
The cause of Marginal is either Ceiling or Visibility. The contraction “CIG” and/or weather and obstruction to vision symbols are used.
the difference between camber and chord of the wing
The straight line drawn from the leading to trailing edges of the airfoil is called the chord line. The chord line cuts the airfoil into an upper surface and a lower surface. If we plot the points that lie halfway between the upper and lower surfaces, we obtain a curve called the mean camber line.
Describe airport lighting systems
High Intensity, Medium Intensity, Low Intensity.
Runway: Edges are White + last 2000 feet (or half of runway length, whichever shorter) is yellow.
Taxiway: Blue edges + green center line
Slow flight
To maintain altitude, you’ll increase or decrease your power setting, and you’ll fly at a high angle of attack, with a nose-up attitude to maintain slow-flight airspeed.
hazardous attitudes and how you can prevent it (Aeronautical Decision Making)
IM AIR
Invulnerability -> Correct by knowing no one is impervious
Macho -> Correct by flying safely
Resignation -> Correct by knowing as a pilot, you control the plane.
Anti-authority -> Correct by following rules
Impulsive -> Thinking through things
Recognizing a hazardous thought is the first step towards neutralizing them.
What do you do if you accidentally fly into IMC?
So, if we were flying in VFR weather and suddenly it becomes IFR, in many cases all we need to do to get out of it is to make a standard rate 180 degree turn.
What are 3 Ps of aeronautical decision making?
Perceive - Process - Perform
A continuous model for every aeronautical decision that you make. Anything that you can do to recognize and minimize potential threats to your safety will help.
four propeller turning tendencies
torque, spiraling slipstream, precession, and P-factor (asymmetric thrust).
