Genes

Question 1

Heredity

Population genetics

Molecular genetics

Mendelian genetics

Answer 1

study of inheritance

study of a gene pool of an organism over time

study of molecular structure and function of genes

genetic studies on genes that have a strong connection to phenotypes

Question 2

Gene (1)

Gene (2)

Bivalent

Haploinsufficiency

Answer 2

an inherited factor that affects the characteristics of an individual

part of a chromosome involved in the transcription of DNA to RNA

a pair of associated homologous chromosomes held together by a complex in meiosis

when loss of function alleles are dominant (rare)

Question 3

Incomplete dominance

Co-dominance

Pleiotropy

Epistasis

Answer 3

shows intermediate phenotype

heterozygotes, show phenotype of both alleles

one gene may influence more than one trait

interaction between two or more genes that control a single phenotype

Question 4

Penetrance

Expressivity

Heteromophic

Autosomes

Answer 4

percentage of individuals with a given genotype who express the expected phenotype

Measures the extent to which the given phenotype is expressed at phenotypic level

sex chromosomes/cells

non-sex chromosomes/cells

Question 5

Aneuploidy

Hemizygous

Physical gene maps

Cytogenetic gene maps

Answer 5

abnormal no. of chromosomes e.g XXY

only have one version of a gene e.g men only have one version of genes on the X chromosome

show distances between genes based on direct measurement

indicate gene positions with respect to cytogenetic markers (ones with banding patterns)

Question 6

Linkage gene maps

Interference (+/-)

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Autosomal dominant inheritance

Answer 6

show relative position of genes based on frequency of crossing-over between genes during meiosis (more=further away)

crossover events influencing probability of crossover events close by

skips generations, both parents have to be carriers, affects m/f equally

in every generation, affects m/f equally, sometimes homozygous mutant is lethal

Question 7

X-linked recessive inheritance

X-linked dominant inheritance

STR’s

SNP’s

Answer 7

more males affected

no male to male inheritance, m/f affected equally, can be difficult to distinguish from autosomal dominant

short tandem repeats of DNA sequence used for DNA markers /DNA profiling

single base difference every 1000 nucleotides

Question 8

Haplotype

Nullisomy

Monosomy

Trisomy

Answer 8

particular combination of SNP’s in a small region of chromosome

loss of a pair of homologous chromosomes

loss of a single chromosome

one extra chromosome

Question 9

Tetrasomy

Disjunction

Non-disjunction

Karyotype

Answer 9

an extra pair of chromosomes

normal separation of homologous chromosomes to opposite poles during anaphase 1 of meiosis

can lead to both chromosomes at one side of the cell, causing aneuploidy

normal no. of chromosomes

Question 10

Heteroplasmy

Homologs

Paralogs

Orthologs

Answer 10

more than one type of mitochondrial DNA within a cell

same organs in diff. animals under every variety of form and function

when a genes last common ancestor/variation in two different species was due to a gene duplication event

when a genes last common ancestor in two different species was due to speciation