Development

Question 1

Protostome

Deuterostome

Protozoan

Metazoan

Answer 1

Mouth forms first

Mouth forms second (anus first)

First or primitive life

Multicellular animals

Question 2

Diploblastic

Triploblastic

Endoderm

Notochord

Answer 2

Containing two tissue layers

Containing three tissue layers

Tissue (germ layer) on the inside - gives rise to internal organs

“chord in the back”, first tissue to differentiate in chordates

Question 3

Ectoderm

Chordate

Mesoderm

Urochordate

Answer 3

Tissue (germ layer) in the outside - gives rise to skin and nervous system

Animals with notochords

Tissue (germ layer) in the middle - gives rise to notochord, muscle, kidney, blood

Animals with notochord in their tails

Question 4

Cephalochordate

Echinoderm

Gastrulation

Neurulation

Answer 4

animals with notochords extending into their heads

prickly skin - eg sea urchins

morphogenetic process by which the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm layers reach their final positions in the embryo

morphogenetic process by which the nervous system begins to form, especially formation of the neural tube.

Question 5

Blastomere

Morphogenesis

Induction

Organizer

Answer 5

a cell in the early embryo

process by which form is generated. Involves coordinated cell movements

the process by which a cell or group of cells emit signals to its neighbouring cells, thereby changing their fate

dorsal mesoderm at the gastrula stage, which induces overlying ectoderm to become neural and induces neighbouring mesoderm to become muscle

Question 6

Nieuwkoop centre

Homeotic mutation

Homologous genes

Paralogous genes

Answer 6

region of the early dorsal vegetal pole in blastula stage which induces the organizer

mutation which results in the transformation of one body structure into another

genes that share a common ancestral gene

duplicated genes within a single genome

Question 7

Orthologous genes

Gene redundancy

Allotetraploidy

Autotetraploidy

Answer 7

same gene in different organisms

a situation where no phenotype is observed when a gene is mutated because another gene (usually a paralogue) can replace function of the mutated gene

hybridizations between two separate species, followed by failure in meiosis

duplication of genome though improper meiosis

Question 8

Totipotent

Pluripotent

Bipotent

Unipotent

Answer 8

the capacity of a cell or group of cells to give rise to all the cells of the embryo, including the extra embryonic membranes and tissues

the capacity of a cell or group of cells to give rise to most
cells, but not all the cells of the embryo

the capacity of a cell or group of cells to give rise to only two cell types

the capacity of a cell or group of cells to give rise to only one cell type

Question 9

Trophoblast

Epiblast

Subfunctionalisation

Waddington landscape

Answer 9

gives rise to extra embryonic membranes, including placenta

gives rise to the embryo; source of pluripotent embryonic stem cells

when duplicated genes acquire additional functions

as cells develop, make one-way decisions and can’t go back (potency decreases over time)

Question 10

Hematopoietic cells

Limbus

Oligofendrocytes

Answer 10

stem cells that give rise to all other blood cells through hematopoiesis

where stem cells in the eye are found

lay down myelin sheath, part of ‘glia’ the supporting cells of the nervous system