Evolution Flashcards
Evolution
Biogeography
Endemic species
Convergent evolution
genetic change over time (change in allele frequencies) in a pop.
distribution of species around the globe
specific to one place
distant species finding the same solution for a common problem
Molecular clock
Molecular phylogenetics
Pseudogenes
Synonymous changes
pairs of species compared for the same protein to find a common ancestor
analysing hereditary molecular differences
non-functioning genes
changes in the genetic code that have no effect as they code for the same protein
Neutral theory
Eukaryogenisis
Species
Allopatric speciation
most evolutionary changes are caused by random drift of mutant alleles that are selectively neutral so frequencies fluctuate randomly.
archeabacteria engulfed a eubacteria and it became it’s mitochondria 2 billion years ago
a population of reproducing organisms that is isolated from other population
speciation caused by geographical isolation
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Stabilising selection
Sympatric speciation
towards or away from a phenotype e.g dark fur if no more snow
when distribution is disrupted and extremes favoured
narrow distribution e.g one fur colour
two different species occurring in the same area
Fitness
Maladaptive selection
Altruism
Inclusive fitness
the relative probability of survival and reproduction for a given phenotype
not beneficial
behaviour of an organism that benefits another at it’s own expense
fitness of related offspring
Hamilton’s rule
Hymenoptera
Microevolution
Gene pool
natural selection of genes that lead to social actions. Due to the sharing of these genes between performer and recipient. (rb>c c=cost)
more closely related to sisters than offspring (bees, wasps etc)
changes in the gene pool of an organism over time (within a species/pop.)
all alleles of all genes of all individuals in a pop.
Polyandry
Polygyny
one female and many men
one male and many females
