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Biology of psychology > Genes > Flashcards

Genes Flashcards

1
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics
- behaviour + products of behaviour
- dev process
- morphology

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2
Q

genotype

A

complete set of genetic material

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3
Q

allele

A

variant of given gene

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4
Q

mendelian inheritance

A
  • unitary (white or blue)
  • one dominant other recessive
  • random segregation
  • unlinked genes (independent assortment)
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5
Q

independent assortment in modern terms

A

unlinked genes

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6
Q

molecular gene

A

sequence of nucleotides in DNA that get transcribed to produce functional RNA

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7
Q

chromosome

A

long DNA sequence w packaging proteins

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8
Q

packaging protein in eukaryots

A

histone

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9
Q

non-mendelian inheritance

A
  1. incomplete dominance
  2. codominance
  3. polygenic inheritance
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10
Q

incomplete dominance

A

phenotype of heterozygous different from phenotype of homozygous

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11
Q

codominance

A

both alleles for gene expressed
- cows with brown and white spots

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12
Q

multiple alleles

A

genes exist in several diff forms
- A, B, O blood types

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13
Q

lethal alleles

A

cause organism death
- growth + dev genes
- can be dominant or recessive

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14
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene influences 2+ phenotypes

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15
Q

antagonistic pleiotropy

A

gene beneficial + harmful
- beneficial early in life bc natural selection

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16
Q

polygenic

A

2 + genes for 1 phenotype
- bell curve

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17
Q

multifactorial inheritance

A

polygenic + environmental factors

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18
Q

quantitative inheritance

A

expression of trait depends on many genes

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19
Q

epistasis

A

interactions with other genes (non-allelic modifier genes)
- effect masked by different genes
- eg baldness masks bonde + red hair

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20
Q

polygenic inheritance model problems

A
  • independent inheritance of genes
  • no epistasis
  • all genes hold equal sway over expression
21
Q

threshold trait

A

inherited quantitatively but expression qualitatively
- schizophrenia traits only act up after threshold

22
Q

gene penetrance

A

likelihood of gene expression

23
Q

gene expressivity

A

variability of phenotype when allele is penetrant

24
Q

factors in penetrance + expressivity

A

1 genetic background (epistasis)
2 temperature
3 food
4. sex limited
5. sex influenced

25
Q

sex limited genes

A

present in both sexes but turned off in one sex

26
Q

sex influenced genes

A

same gene differential expression in diff sexes

27
Q

sex linked traits

A

gene is on a sex chromosome
- x dominant
- x recessive
- y linked

28
Q

sex linked traits diseases X chromosome

A
  1. haemophilia
  2. fragile x syndrome
  3. colour blindness
29
Q

partially imprint

A

alleles from both parents expressed rather than complete expression (+ suppression) of one gene

29
Q

genomic imprinting

A

gene expression depends on if you’ve inherited it from mother or father

30
Q

sexual antagonism

A

two sexes have conflicting fitness strategies with sex

31
Q

heritable variations of genes

A
  1. recombination (crossing over)
  2. mutation
32
Q

epigenetics examples

A
  1. environment
  2. food
  3. exercise
32
Q

epigenetics

A

heritable phenotype changes without changing DNA sequence

33
Q

PKU

A

mutation, causess low levels of phenalynyl hydroxylase
treatment: diet, low levels of phenylaline

34
Q

sex chromosome abnormalities

A
  1. XXY (Kleinfelter) - small testicles
  2. XYY (Jacob’s) - taller, aggressive
  3. XO (Turner) - normal IQ but bad spatial so problems with maths
  4. XXX - learning disabilities + taller
34
Q

autosomal chromosom abnormalities

A
  1. trisomy 21
  2. Angelmann (small head + severe learning disabilities)
  3. Prader-Wili Syndrome - from father, obesity + diabetes
35
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A
  • XY but phenotype female
  • sex dev bc androgen receptor dysfunction
  • small testes
  • infertility
36
Q

CAH hormone

A
  • more male-type behaviour
  • stronger amygdala activation to faces w negative emotions
  • hippocampus less activated for face recognition
37
Q

PCOS hormone

A

higher androgen level, causes homosexuality

38
Q

AIS hormone

A
  • brain feminization
  • testosterone to estradiol
39
Q

Autism increases with hormone

40
Q

heritability

A

estimation of phenotypic variability

41
Q

genotype environment correlations

A
  1. passive gene influences (parents genes + environment they create)
  2. evocative gene influence
  3. active gene influence
42
Q

active gene influence explained

A

kids pick out environments that suit their genetic predispositions

43
Q

trad methods of behavioral genetics

A
  1. twins
  2. adoption
  3. family
44
Q

big 5 factors with personality

A
  1. extraversion
  2. openness
  3. neuroticism
  4. agreeableness
  5. conscientiousness
45
Q

Vasorepression receptor gene long
- what kind of person are they

A

altruistic

Biology of psychology (10 decks)

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