General, Week 1 Cardio Block

Question 1

volume of blood that leaves the L ventricle per minute =

Answer 1

cardiac output

Question 2

volume of blood that leaves the L ventricle per beat =

Answer 2

stroke volume

Question 3

equation for cardiac output =

Answer 3

CO = SV x HR

Question 4

ejection fraction:

Answer 4

percentage that leaves the L ventricle

Question 5

Afterload:

Answer 5

pressure the L ventricle has to overcome for the blood to be ejected

Question 6

inotropy:

Answer 6

force of contraction

Question 7

Preload definition:

Answer 7

pressure of the L ventricle prior to contraction (closely related to volume of blood in L ventricle prior to contraction)

Question 8

the remnants of the fossa ovalis is in what chamber of the heart?

Answer 8

the right atrium

Question 9

what is the muscle called in the R atrium?

what separates this from the smooth muscle?

Answer 9

pectinate muscle

crista terminales (ridge on inside)

Question 10

name the valve between the R atrium and R ventricle

Answer 10

right AV valve (tricuspid valve)

Question 11

the _________ muscles attach to the flaps of the tricuspid valve via _____________. What are the purpose of these muscles?

Answer 11

papillary, via the chord tendinae

to keep the valve from prolapsing back into the atria during contraciton

Question 12

the ___________ ________ is a branch off the trabecular carnae and is important for the conduction system into the ventricles

Answer 12

moderator band

Question 13

what is the muscle called of the R ventricle wall?

Answer 13

trabecular carnae

Question 14

what is the valve connecting the left atrium and left ventricle?

Answer 14

the left AV valve or MITRAL VALVE

Question 15

what produces the regular rhythm of the heart?

Answer 15

sinoartrial (SA) node

Question 16

name the three layers (think histo) of the heart

Answer 16

1. endocardium
2. myocardium
3. epocardium (visceral pericardium)

Question 17

describe the histology of a heart valve

Answer 17

a core of connective tissue lined on both sides by endocardium

Question 18

___________ Smooth Muscle: individual smooth muscle cells controlled independently
(gap junctions are sparse)

___________ Smooth Muscle: cells work together as a single entity due to lots of gap junctions

Answer 18

multiunit

unitary

Question 19

what are the two ways in which the SR in smooth muscle is activated to release Ca++?

Answer 19

IP3 binding

CICR

Question 20

depletion of Ca++ from the SR in smooth muscle activates _________________, which do what two things?

Answer 20

store-operated Ca++ channels (voltage-independent)

restore Ca++ in SR, supplies contraction

Question 21

contraction of smooth muscle is determined by the balance of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of ______

Answer 21

MLC (myosin light chain)

Question 22

Determinants of cardiac output = ______________________

Answer 22

heart rate and stroke volume

Question 23

equation for cardiac output using its two main determinants:

Answer 23

CO = HR x SV

Question 24

equation for MAP (mean arterial pressure)

Answer 24

MAP = CO x TPR (total peripheral resistance)

Question 25

the parasympathetic input to the heart is via the _________ nerve, which releases what NT and causes what to happen to the HR?

Answer 25

Vagus Ach decreases

Question 26

the sympathetic input to the heart is via the __________________ nerves, which release what NT? what does this cause in the heart?

Answer 26

right and left stellate ganglia NE increase HR, increase contractility (2 ways)

Question 27

what are the determinants of TPR (total peripheral resistance) of the blood vessel system?

Answer 27

Blood viscosity Cross sectional area Length of peripheral circuit

Question 28

the prime determinant of the vascular resistance is the _____________.

Answer 28

arteriolar radius | the blood viscosity and length of tubes is held constant under normal conditions

Question 29

the arterial blood pressure is regulated moment to moment by continuous adjustments to both the ____________ and ______________ via ___________________. what about long term regulation?

Answer 29

cardiac output total peripheral resistance via the baroreceptor reflex long term = blood volume

Question 30

where are baroreceptors located?

Answer 30

arch of the aorta and the carotid sinuses

Question 31

blood volume is regulated through the

Answer 31

renin-angiotensin system

Question 32

what does aldosterone do in terms of blood pressure regulation?

Answer 32

it increases Na+ resorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and increasing blood pressure

Question 33

what does angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) do?

Answer 33

converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 angiotensin 2 produces aldosterone

Question 34

when a decrease in arterial pressure is sensed by the renal arterioles, what is the cascade that happens?

Answer 34

prorenin --> renin --> angiotensin --> angiotensin 1 --> ACE --> angiotensin 2 --> aldosterone, vasoconstriction (increases TPR)

Question 35

explain the things governing transcapillary solute exchange:

Answer 35

1. concentration difference of solute 2. permeability of the solute across the capillary 3. SA for exchange

Question 36

hydrostatic pressure in capillaries favors: | oncotic pressure in capillaries favors:

Answer 36

filtration | re-absorption

Question 37

________ is when the hydrostatic pressure pushes liquid out of capillaries

Answer 37

filtration

Question 38

the arterial side of the capillary favors ________ since the __________ pressure gradient is largest the venous side of the capillary favors _______ since the _______ pressure gradient is largest

Answer 38

filtration, hydrostatic reabsorption, oncotic

Question 39

edema occurs when the net ________ of fluid from blood to tissues exceeds the capacity of the ___________

Answer 39

filtration, lymphatics

Question 40

4 functions of lymphatic system

Answer 40

Return of excess filtered fluid Immune defense Transport of absorbed fat Return of filtered protein

Question 41

increasing venous return increases ________________ volume, which increases _______ volume, which increases cardiac output

Answer 41

end-diastolic stroke

Question 42

what are the 5 things that aid in venous return:

Answer 42

1. cardiac suction during contraction 2. Skeletal muscle 3. Vein valves 4. Sympathetic induces "vasoconstriction" 5. Respiratory activity

Question 43

increased venous blood volume ________ the venous return curve decreased vascular tone __________ the venous return curve

Answer 43

increases decreases

Question 44

the only autonomic innervation of the adrenal gland is from the ___________ nervous system what does it secrete when stimulated?

Answer 44

sympathetic epinephrine

Question 45

the only autonomic innervation of blood vessels is from the ________ nervous system and causes what?

Answer 45

sympathetic vasoconstriction

Question 46

aldosterone causes what to happen molecularly? in terms of blood pressure?

Answer 46

sodium retention and potassium secretion in the collecting tubules increase blood volume and increase blood pressure

Question 47

aldosterone is secreted from the _____________ in response to _________ or ______________

Answer 47

adrenal cortex angiotensin 2 or high K+ levels

Question 48

a decrease in arterial renal pressure causes ________ to be converted to _______, which then converts ____________ to ____________. ACE then converts ___________ to _____________

Answer 48

prorenin --> renin angiotensinogen --> angiotensin 1 angiotensin 1 --> angiotensin 2