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Cardio Block - CPR > General, Week 1 Cardio Block > Flashcards

General, Week 1 Cardio Block Flashcards

1
Q

volume of blood that leaves the L ventricle per minute =

A

cardiac output

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2
Q

volume of blood that leaves the L ventricle per beat =

A

stroke volume

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3
Q

equation for cardiac output =

A

CO = SV x HR

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4
Q

ejection fraction:

A

percentage that leaves the L ventricle

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5
Q

Afterload:

A

pressure the L ventricle has to overcome for the blood to be ejected

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6
Q

inotropy:

A

force of contraction

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7
Q

Preload definition:

A

pressure of the L ventricle prior to contraction (closely related to volume of blood in L ventricle prior to contraction)

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8
Q

the remnants of the fossa ovalis is in what chamber of the heart?

A

the right atrium

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9
Q

what is the muscle called in the R atrium?

what separates this from the smooth muscle?

A

pectinate muscle

crista terminales (ridge on inside)

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10
Q

name the valve between the R atrium and R ventricle

A

right AV valve (tricuspid valve)

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11
Q

the _________ muscles attach to the flaps of the tricuspid valve via _____________. What are the purpose of these muscles?

A

papillary, via the chord tendinae

to keep the valve from prolapsing back into the atria during contraciton

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12
Q

the ___________ ________ is a branch off the trabecular carnae and is important for the conduction system into the ventricles

A

moderator band

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13
Q

what is the muscle called of the R ventricle wall?

A

trabecular carnae

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14
Q

what is the valve connecting the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

the left AV valve or MITRAL VALVE

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15
Q

what produces the regular rhythm of the heart?

A

sinoartrial (SA) node

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16
Q

name the three layers (think histo) of the heart

A
  1. endocardium
  2. myocardium
  3. epocardium (visceral pericardium)
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17
Q

describe the histology of a heart valve

A

a core of connective tissue lined on both sides by endocardium

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18
Q

___________ Smooth Muscle: individual smooth muscle cells controlled independently
(gap junctions are sparse)

___________ Smooth Muscle: cells work together as a single entity due to lots of gap junctions

A

multiunit

unitary

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19
Q

what are the two ways in which the SR in smooth muscle is activated to release Ca++?

A

IP3 binding

CICR

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20
Q

depletion of Ca++ from the SR in smooth muscle activates _________________, which do what two things?

A

store-operated Ca++ channels (voltage-independent)

restore Ca++ in SR, supplies contraction

21
Q

contraction of smooth muscle is determined by the balance of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of ______

A

MLC (myosin light chain)

22
Q

Determinants of cardiac output = ______________________

A

heart rate and stroke volume

23
Q

equation for cardiac output using its two main determinants:

A

CO = HR x SV

24
Q

equation for MAP (mean arterial pressure)

A

MAP = CO x TPR (total peripheral resistance)

25
Q

the parasympathetic input to the heart is via the _________ nerve, which releases what NT and causes what to happen to the HR?

A

Vagus

Ach

decreases

26
Q

the sympathetic input to the heart is via the __________________ nerves, which release what NT? what does this cause in the heart?

A

right and left stellate ganglia

NE

increase HR, increase contractility (2 ways)

27
Q

what are the determinants of TPR (total peripheral resistance) of the blood vessel system?

A

Blood viscosity
Cross sectional area
Length of peripheral circuit

28
Q

the prime determinant of the vascular resistance is the _____________.

A

arteriolar radius

the blood viscosity and length of tubes is held constant under normal conditions

29
Q

the arterial blood pressure is regulated moment to moment by continuous adjustments to both the ____________ and ______________ via ___________________.

what about long term regulation?

A

cardiac output

total peripheral resistance

via the baroreceptor reflex

long term = blood volume

30
Q

where are baroreceptors located?

A

arch of the aorta and the carotid sinuses

31
Q

blood volume is regulated through the

A

renin-angiotensin system

32
Q

what does aldosterone do in terms of blood pressure regulation?

A

it increases Na+ resorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and increasing blood pressure

33
Q

what does angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) do?

A

converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

angiotensin 2 produces aldosterone

34
Q

when a decrease in arterial pressure is sensed by the renal arterioles, what is the cascade that happens?

A

prorenin –> renin –> angiotensin –> angiotensin 1 –> ACE –> angiotensin 2 –> aldosterone, vasoconstriction (increases TPR)

35
Q

explain the things governing transcapillary solute exchange:

A
  1. concentration difference of solute
  2. permeability of the solute across the capillary
  3. SA for exchange
36
Q

hydrostatic pressure in capillaries favors:

oncotic pressure in capillaries favors:

A

filtration

re-absorption

37
Q

________ is when the hydrostatic pressure pushes liquid out of capillaries

A

filtration

38
Q

the arterial side of the capillary favors ________ since the __________ pressure gradient is largest

the venous side of the capillary favors _______ since the _______ pressure gradient is largest

A

filtration, hydrostatic

reabsorption, oncotic

39
Q

edema occurs when the net ________ of fluid from blood to tissues exceeds the capacity of the ___________

A

filtration, lymphatics

40
Q

4 functions of lymphatic system

A

Return of excess filtered fluid

Immune defense

Transport of absorbed fat

Return of filtered protein

41
Q

increasing venous return increases ________________ volume, which increases _______ volume, which increases cardiac output

A

end-diastolic

stroke

42
Q

what are the 5 things that aid in venous return:

A
  1. cardiac suction during contraction
  2. Skeletal muscle
  3. Vein valves
  4. Sympathetic induces “vasoconstriction”
  5. Respiratory activity
43
Q

increased venous blood volume ________ the venous return curve

decreased vascular tone __________ the venous return curve

A

increases

decreases

44
Q

the only autonomic innervation of the adrenal gland is from the ___________ nervous system

what does it secrete when stimulated?

A

sympathetic

epinephrine

45
Q

the only autonomic innervation of blood vessels is from the ________ nervous system and causes what?

A

sympathetic

vasoconstriction

46
Q

aldosterone causes what to happen molecularly? in terms of blood pressure?

A

sodium retention and potassium secretion in the collecting tubules

increase blood volume and increase blood pressure

47
Q

aldosterone is secreted from the _____________ in response to _________ or ______________

A

adrenal cortex

angiotensin 2 or high K+ levels

48
Q

a decrease in arterial renal pressure causes ________ to be converted to _______, which then converts ____________ to ____________. ACE then converts ___________ to _____________

A

prorenin –> renin
angiotensinogen –> angiotensin 1
angiotensin 1 –> angiotensin 2

Cardio Block - CPR (6 decks)

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