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Medical Terminology - Digestive System > General Vocabulary > Flashcards

General Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

absorption

A

passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

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2
Q

amino acids

A

small building blocks of proteins

released when proteins are digested

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3
Q

amylase

A

enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch

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4
Q

anus

A

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

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5
Q

appendix

A

blind pouch hanging from the cecum in the RLQ

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6
Q

bile

A

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

emulsifies large fat globules

composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts

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7
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment released by the liver in bile

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8
Q

bowel

A

intestine

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9
Q

canine teeth

A

pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors

aka cuspids, eyeteeth

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10
Q

cecum

A

first part of the large intestine

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11
Q

colon

A

portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments

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12
Q

common bile duct

A

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

aka choledochus

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13
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus

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14
Q

deglutation

A

swallowing

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15
Q

dentin

A

primary material found in teeth

covered by the enamel and crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root

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16
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms

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17
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine

12 inches long

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18
Q

elimination

A

removal of materials from the body

removal is indigestible materials in feces

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19
Q

emulsification

A

breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules

increases the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat

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20
Q

enamel

A

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

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21
Q

enzyme

A

chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances

-ase

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22
Q

esophagus

A

tube connecting the throat to the stomach

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23
Q

fatty acids

A

substances produced when fats are digested

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24
Q

feces

A

solid wastes; stool

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25
gallbladder
small sac under the liver stores bile
26
glucose
simple sugar
27
glycogen
starch glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the liver
28
hydrochloric acid
substance (strong acid) produced in the stomach aids digestion
29
ileum
third part of the small intestine appears twisted
30
incisor
any 1 of 4 front teeth in the dental arch
31
insulin
hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas helps transport sugar into body cells
32
jejunum
second part of the small intestine
33
lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
34
liver
large organ located in the RUQ secretes bile stores sugar, iron, and vitamins produces blood proteins destroys worn out RBCs filters out toxins normal adult liver weighs 2.5 - 3 lbs
35
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach aka cardiac sphincter
36
mastication
chewing
37
molar teeth
3 large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth, on either side of the dental arch
38
premolar teeth
2 teeth before the molars
39
palate
roof of the mouth
40
hard palate
anterior to soft palate supported by upper jaw bone (maxilla)
41
soft palate
posterior fleshy part between the mouth and throat
42
pancreas
organ behind the stomach produces insulin and enzymes
43
papillae
small projections on the tongue trade buds are located within the papillae
44
parotid gland
salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
45
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs moves contents through at different rates - stomach 0.5 - 2 hours - small intestine 2 - 6 hours - colon 6 - 72 hours
46
pharynx
throat common passageway for food from the mouth or air from the nose
47
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
48
protease
enzyme that digests protein
49
pulp
soft tissue within a tooth contains nerves and blood vessels
50
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum normal closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it
51
pylorus
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
52
rectum
last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus
53
rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
54
saliva
digestive juices produced by salivary glands contains amylase, which begins the digestion of starch to sugar
55
salivary glands
parotid sublingual submandibular
56
sigmoid colon
lower S-shaped segment if the colon, just before the rectum empties into the rectum
57
sphincter
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
58
stomach
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus parts - fundus: proximal section - body: middle section - antrum: distal section
59
triglyceride
fat molecules composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol subgroup of lipids
60
uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate
61
villi
microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
62
celiac disease
damage to the lining of the small intestine resulting from a reaction to eating gluten
63
enteroenterostomy
new opening between 2 previously unconnected parts of the small intestine
64
anastomosis
any surgical connection between 2 parts
65
mesentery
part of the double fold of peritoneum that stretches around the organs in the abdomen holds organs in place
66
parenteral nutrition
nutrition given directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the intestinal tract can also be IM or subcut
67
palatoplasty
procedure to repair a cleft palate and cleft lip repair of a cleft palate
68
palatopharyngoplasty
used to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstructions in the throat or nose
69
cholothiasis
gallstones
70
hematemesis
vomiting blood
71
polyphagia
excessive appetite and uncontrolled eating
72
hemoptysis
spitting up blood from the respiratory tract or lungs
73
hemorrhage
loss of a large amount of blood in a short period
74
herniorrhaphy
repair of a hernia
75
cholestasis
flow of bile from liver to duodenum is interrupted
76
pyloric stenosis
congenital defect in newborns blocking the flow of food into the small intestine
77
atresia
absence of a normal opening
78
esophageal atresia
congenital anomaly in which the esophagus doesn’t connect with the stomach
79
biliary atresia
congenital hypoplasia or non formation of bile ducts causes neonatal cholestasis and jaundice
80
calculi
stones

Medical Terminology - Digestive System (9 decks)

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