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Medical Terminology - Digestive System > General Vocabulary > Flashcards

General Vocabulary Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

absorption

A

passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

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2
Q

amino acids

A

small building blocks of proteins

released when proteins are digested

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3
Q

amylase

A

enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch

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4
Q

anus

A

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

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5
Q

appendix

A

blind pouch hanging from the cecum in the RLQ

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6
Q

bile

A

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

emulsifies large fat globules

composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts

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7
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment released by the liver in bile

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8
Q

bowel

A

intestine

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9
Q

canine teeth

A

pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors

aka cuspids, eyeteeth

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10
Q

cecum

A

first part of the large intestine

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11
Q

colon

A

portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments

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12
Q

common bile duct

A

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

aka choledochus

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13
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus

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14
Q

deglutation

A

swallowing

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15
Q

dentin

A

primary material found in teeth

covered by the enamel and crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root

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16
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms

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17
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine

12 inches long

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18
Q

elimination

A

removal of materials from the body

removal is indigestible materials in feces

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19
Q

emulsification

A

breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules

increases the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat

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20
Q

enamel

A

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

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21
Q

enzyme

A

chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances

-ase

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22
Q

esophagus

A

tube connecting the throat to the stomach

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23
Q

fatty acids

A

substances produced when fats are digested

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24
Q

feces

A

solid wastes; stool

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25
Q

gallbladder

A

small sac under the liver

stores bile

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26
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar

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27
Q

glycogen

A

starch

glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the liver

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28
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

substance (strong acid) produced in the stomach

aids digestion

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29
Q

ileum

A

third part of the small intestine

appears twisted

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30
Q

incisor

A

any 1 of 4 front teeth in the dental arch

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31
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas

helps transport sugar into body cells

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32
Q

jejunum

A

second part of the small intestine

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33
Q

lipase

A

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

34
Q

liver

A

large organ located in the RUQ

secretes bile

stores sugar, iron, and vitamins

produces blood proteins

destroys worn out RBCs

filters out toxins

normal adult liver weighs 2.5 - 3 lbs

35
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach

aka cardiac sphincter

36
Q

mastication

A

chewing

37
Q

molar teeth

A

3 large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth, on either side of the dental arch

38
Q

premolar teeth

A

2 teeth before the molars

39
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth

40
Q

hard palate

A

anterior to soft palate

supported by upper jaw bone (maxilla)

41
Q

soft palate

A

posterior fleshy part between the mouth and throat

42
Q

pancreas

A

organ behind the stomach

produces insulin and enzymes

43
Q

papillae

A

small projections on the tongue

trade buds are located within the papillae

44
Q

parotid gland

A

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

45
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs

moves contents through at different rates
- stomach 0.5 - 2 hours
- small intestine 2 - 6 hours
- colon 6 - 72 hours

46
Q

pharynx

A

throat

common passageway for food from the mouth or air from the nose

47
Q

portal vein

A

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

48
Q

protease

A

enzyme that digests protein

49
Q

pulp

A

soft tissue within a tooth

contains nerves and blood vessels

50
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum

normal closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it

51
Q

pylorus

A

distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum

52
Q

rectum

A

last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus

53
Q

rugae

A

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

54
Q

saliva

A

digestive juices produced by salivary glands

contains amylase, which begins the digestion of starch to sugar

55
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

56
Q

sigmoid colon

A

lower S-shaped segment if the colon, just before the rectum

empties into the rectum

57
Q

sphincter

A

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

58
Q

stomach

A

muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus

parts
- fundus: proximal section
- body: middle section
- antrum: distal section

59
Q

triglyceride

A

fat molecules composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

subgroup of lipids

60
Q

uvula

A

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

61
Q

villi

A

microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

62
Q

celiac disease

A

damage to the lining of the small intestine resulting from a reaction to eating gluten

63
Q

enteroenterostomy

A

new opening between 2 previously unconnected parts of the small intestine

64
Q

anastomosis

A

any surgical connection between 2 parts

65
Q

mesentery

A

part of the double fold of peritoneum that stretches around the organs in the abdomen

holds organs in place

66
Q

parenteral nutrition

A

nutrition given directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the intestinal tract

can also be IM or subcut

67
Q

palatoplasty

A

procedure to repair a cleft palate and cleft lip

repair of a cleft palate

68
Q

palatopharyngoplasty

A

used to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstructions in the throat or nose

69
Q

cholothiasis

A

gallstones

70
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting blood

71
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive appetite and uncontrolled eating

72
Q

hemoptysis

A

spitting up blood from the respiratory tract or lungs

73
Q

hemorrhage

A

loss of a large amount of blood in a short period

74
Q

herniorrhaphy

A

repair of a hernia

75
Q

cholestasis

A

flow of bile from liver to duodenum is interrupted

76
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

congenital defect in newborns blocking the flow of food into the small intestine

77
Q

atresia

A

absence of a normal opening

78
Q

esophageal atresia

A

congenital anomaly in which the esophagus doesn’t connect with the stomach

79
Q

biliary atresia

A

congenital hypoplasia or non formation of bile ducts

causes neonatal cholestasis and jaundice

80
Q

calculi

A

stones

Medical Terminology - Digestive System (9 decks)

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