General Study guide Flashcards
What does it mean to be super connected?
To connected to so many others in so many ways with a wide range of social implications.
Why should we assume not everyone enjoys the super connected status?
-Because not all parts of the world have the correct broadband infrastructure, or money for computers.
Definition of ‘World Wide Web”
A system of hyperlinked pages and documents that exist on the internet.
Definition of ‘Internet’
Huge network consisting of many smaller networks and operations including the web.
Digital Media
Information if digitized, countless bits of data are represented and stored by computers as digits, zeros and ones.
Analog Media
Communicated face to face without computerized mediation.
How strongly should we distinguish between terms such as online and offline?
Online and offline are generally experienced in combination with one another, they are enmeshed.
Technology
Is the process or technique of making something that allowed human beings to share their knowledge, perform a task, or fulfill a function.
Science
primarily directed toward the discovery of knowledge for its own sake, while technology represents a deployment of knowledge to get something done.
Technological Determinism
Technology that is designed and invented and built by people are are continually shaped by people as well, by the collective actions by all those who uses technology.
Technological Determinism, agency
While structure can constrain agency, it is through the actions cumulatively taken and the decisions cumulatively made by people in a culture that structures are built in the first place and then change over time.
Social Constructivism
Exploring how the invention and use of organizational dynamics.
Diffusion of Innovation theory
Whenever a new idea, technique, or technology and innovation is initiated by a creator or innovator, it begins to make its way through social networks.
Utopian Rhetoric of technology
Technology is seen as natural societal developments, as improvements to daily life, or as forces that will transform reality for the better.
Dystopian rhetoric of technology
Emphasize fears of loosing control, becoming dependent, and being unable to stop change. This can be a way for elite to control the masses.
What are Moral Panics in technology?
New media typically stir up fears of moral decline, these fears can lead to important policy decisions at personal, household, governmental, and design levels.
Affordances?
The capabilities configurations of technological qualities enable.
Domestication of Technology?
What once seemed marvelous and strange, capable of creating greatness and horror, is now so ordinary as to be invisible.
Prehistoric way of communicating to now
gestures, grunts, body language. Then words, Than writing, than technology external to the body, like old egyption technologies that recorded data.
What were key developments in computing technology that led to the Internet?
Computer hardware, software and programmable codes that would instruct computers what to do became increasingly sophisticated. Protocols for connecting computers together, network standards, and assigned domains began to spring up.
What role did commercial corporations and government agencies play in the development of the internet?
The Department of Defense Agency, where a computer in California was connected to a computer in Massachusetts through a dial-up phone line creating the first computer network.
How did the World Wide Web emerge from the early Internet?
In the early 90s web sites started to be developed. The WWW, Was created in early 90 to have a collection of documents that are linked together by a system called hypertext.
mobile ICT
Technologies that lets individuals move farther away and have a connection still is considered mobile, like roads, railroads, cars, planes, stone tablets, pen and ink, books and newspapers, transistor radios, handheld cameras.
Wireless ICT
When electronic waves were discovered. Radios, than television, GPS, Cellular, WIFI.
What does ‘Networked’ mean?
When they are connected or tied together such that they have some relationship to and influence oner one another.
How do contemporary social network sites (SNS) differ from those early networks?
These social sites were different from networks because their users could easily see and articulate lists and profiles of “friends” and “followers” these friends and followers were typically people that they already knew personally.
What is the “triple revolution” in ICT? How has it affected contemporary society?
Internet, Mobile communication, social media networking.
What are the “seven key concepts” that can help us to differentiate media both from each other and also from face to face communication?
interactivity, Temporal Structure of Communication, Social Cues, Storage, Replicability, Impossible, Mobility.
How have user profiles for digital media evolved since the 1980’s?
In 80s, scientists, and college students were using mostly, Than the U.S. Government, in 90s internet use spread to other countries.
What is a “sociomental” bond?
The connectedness is the interpersonal and relies on cognitive rather than physical activity for its creation and maintenance. (Like mobile phone, Watch, laptop, glasses.)
What’s wrong with using the term cyberspace to describe ICT and community?
Phenomena described as cyber can too easily be seen as less than real, their qualities and consequences seeming to derive more from their connection to computerization than from the behavior itself.
Disinhibited
Their inhibitions can be lowered and their can become a bit more outgoing or daring.
Hyper-personal
computer-mediated communication (CMC) can become hyperpersonal because it “exceeds [face-to-face] interaction,” thus affording message senders a host of communicative advantages over traditional face-to-face (FtF) interaction.
On-Demand Access
Access to goods or services with a click of a mouse or iphone
Sharing of products and extpertise
Commercialized Sharing
Collaborative Platforms
Connection of communities of interest and solve problems openly
Crowdfunding
Fundrasing online, like kickstarter or go-fund-me
Sharing Economy
Peer to Peer sharing of goods and services.
Gig Economy
A gig economy is an environment in which temporary positions are common and organizations contract with independent workers for short-term engagements.
What are the 10 elements of ICT?
- Information
- Communication
- Media
- Tools
- Programs
- Infrastructure
- Producers
- Users
- Regulators
- Culture
3 Challenges in Developing ICT Theory
Speed of industrial development
Scholarly study of ICT is vast and interdisciplinary
Engineering and capitalist values saturate public knowledge and discourse
Five stages in classic model of innovation
Awareness Interest Evaluation Trail Adaptation
Six categories of adaptation
Innovators Early adopters Early majority Adopters Late Majority Adopters Laggards Non-Adopters
4 Fears of adopting
Complexity
Rate of obsolescence
Fear of social rejection
Physical Harm
10 key concepts of defining new media
Digitalization Multi Functionality Portability Connectivity Networked Synchronous Automated Algorithmic
Economics
Refers to structures and processes associated with the ownership and control of resources.
Fordist
- Dominant system of manufacturing that shaped western economics.
- Narrow Job descriptions.
- Mass production of goods in large factories.
- Hierarchical management.
- Mass workers with specific tasks
Post Fordism
- Deregulation of existing state oversight of corporate operations
- Corporations Adopt new structures and policies.
3 new structures in post fordism for corporations
- Downsizing
- Outsourcing
- Offshoring
Downsizing
Layoffs, labor costs were also reduced by cutting workers salaries and benefits
Outsourcing
and subcontracting low skilled jobs, manufacturing to cheaper global providers.
Offshoring
Moving entire corporations overseas.
Informational Capitalism
Information, Communication, Knowledge, Used as way to gain advantage.
Post Industrial Society
Describes the recent transition from a manufacturing based economy to one that is service based.
Participatory Culture
When members of the public take active part in the creation and consumption of their cultural products and are often expected to share them freely and widely.
Sharing
Content is created and shared in abundance in digital spaces.
Prosuming
To produce as much as possible, as cost effectively as possible. As a business goal.
False Consciousness
People who create and in effect give away for free so much of their own creative labor.
Crowdsourcing
When several or more people take on or share a task in a distributed but collective manner, physically separated by one another.
Crowdfunding
When task is explicitly oriented toward raising money.
Collective Intelligence
In a group, a certain collective energy emerges that transcends that of the individual.
Micro funding
people, whose are remote, can be found and substantially aided by relativity small cash infusions to help provide them with such necessities as water or sanitation. (For specific reasons)
Attention Economy
When we take part in a different type of economy, one not predicated sole on finances, when we are online.
Intellectual Property
Credit can only be given to a person if it can be demonstrated that what he or she is writing or saying has been actually devised by that person.
Copyright
Regulate intellectual property so that people can be credited for and in some cases paid for their creative work.
Culture Of Free
Arisen with regard to the internet and digital media use. Napster.
Plagiarism
The theft of ideas through their incorrect or incomplete attribution or unauthorizing spreading
Public Domain
Creative works can be freely produced, consumed, distributed, and remixed, or repurposed.
Surveillance
Occurs when someone uses the internet to track or monitor someone else behavior.
2001 Patriot Act
Exposed citizens to warrantless wire taps and the seizing of such data as phone records.
Cookies
Data traces, that disclose exactly which sites they have visited, for how long, and , in many cases, for what purpose.
Data Mining
When organizations find bits of information on people, to make inferences about what people would like to buy or do, or be.
Terms of Agreements
When permissions may be obtained, and can be fairly complex.
Search Engines
Is used to locate information on the internet, allow data mining to happen rather efficiently. Google is the most popular.
Drones
Remote flying machines, that can be used for surveillance on people.
Social Surveillance
Rather than surveillance coming from someone more powerful, this kind of surveillance is more “Horizontal.”
Content Collapse
A parent or employer may see evidence of inappropriate behavior meant for eyes of peers. When two or more audiences or publics co exits on social media. it can be hard to separate.
Digital Footprint
When online individuals leave a digital footprint, and even by sending texts, and this footprint never fully disappears.
Algorithmic Profiling
Predicting the behavior of individuals based on their one aggregated data and that of others perceived to be like them in some way, has become big business.
Globalization
The world can, in many ways, be seen as a single, interconnected society. (Highways, Cars, Railways, Internet, Digital Connections.)
Stratification
Societies that have layers, like upper class, middle class, poor.
Digital Divide
The difference or gap in ways that groups access and use technology. A divide that separates those who have access to digital technology and those whom lack access and knowledge.
Prejudice
Is an attitude, the prejudging of people based on their membership in some group, social unit, or category, without taking individual characteristics into account.
Discrimination
Is a behavior, The unfair treatment of people based on their membership in a group.
Hacking
The manipulation of the programming codes that tell computers exactly what to do.
Phishing
Usernames and passwords are stolen when individuals are tricked into providing them to thieves.
Computer Crime -
Monetary systems, power grids, websites, personal information, anything with computers, that are compromised.
Cyberwarfare
Attacks on populations, such as sabotage of water systems, health communication, transportation, electrical power grid, military systems, and other things.
Cyberterrorism -
When internet or digital technology is used to make threats and create widespread fear in a society, it is called cyberterrorism.
Slackdivism
Criticism, that online movements are lazy, they encourage people to be lazy. (Liking, Sharing, These things don’t do much.)
Citizen Journalism
Anyone can for the most part be a journalist. Social media lowers boarders. This info/news is now more open and less closed.
Vertical surveillance
when someone/organization with high power watches the actions of someone lower. (Top Down).
A Symmetrical Surveillance
People with equal power that that looks at the actions of others.
Is there a digital divide in the U.S.?
yes
Grand Bargain
If I were a company (“You can get in for free at no cost, however”)
