General Study

Question 1

genetic evolution

Answer 1

change in gene (allele) frequency in a breeding population

Question 2

meiosis

Answer 2

process by which sex cells are produced

Question 3

crossing over

Answer 3

homologous chromosomes intertwine and exchange DNA

Question 4

mitosis

Answer 4

ordinary cell division

Question 5

sexual selection

Answer 5

selection of traits that enhance mating success

Question 6

balanced polymorphism

Answer 6

alleles maintain a constant frequency in a population over time

Question 7

random genetic drift

Answer 7

exchange of genetic material through interbreeding

Question 8

gene flow

Answer 8

exchange of genetic material through interbreeding

Question 9

speciation

Answer 9

formation of new species

Question 10

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 10

long periods of stability with occasional evolutionary leaps

Question 11

paleolithic

Answer 11

old stone age including lower middle and upper

Question 12

acheulean

Answer 12

lower paleolithic tool tradition associated with H. erectus

Question 13

archaic H. sapiens

Answer 13

early H. sapiens 300,000 to 28000 BP includes Neandertals

1,135 CC

Question 14

neandertals

Answer 14

archaic H. sapiens group inhabiting Europe and the middle east from 130000 to 28000 BP
1,430 CC

Question 15

pleistocene

Answer 15

main epoch (1.8 mya - 11000 BP) of evolution of Homo

Question 16

glacials

Answer 16

major advances of continental ice sheets in Europe and north america

Question 17

interglacials

Answer 17

extended warm periods between glacials

Question 18

Anatomically modern humans (AMHs)

Answer 18

195000 BP to present - 1,350 CC found Worldwide

Question 19

Homo erectus

Answer 19

1.9 mya to 300,000 BP Africa, Asia, Europe

900CC

Question 20

Pan troglodytes

Answer 20

Modern, central Africa

390CC

Question 21

H. rudolfensis

Answer 21

archaic homo - 2.4 - 1.8 million years ago (mya)

Question 22

H. habilis

Answer 22

archaic homo - 1.9 - 1.4 mya

Question 23

H. erectus

Answer 23

archaic homo - 1.9 mya - 300,000 BP

Question 24

H. floresiensis

Answer 24

archaic homo - 95,000 - 13,000 BP

Question 25

H. antecessor

Answer 25

archaic homo - 900,000 BP

Question 26

H. heidelbergensis

Answer 26

archaic homo - 700,000 - 200,000 BP

Question 27

AMHs

Answer 27

Anatomically modern humans eg Cro Magnon, Skhul, Qafzeh, Herto

Question 28

Mousterian

Answer 28

Middle Paleolithic tool tradition associated with Neandertals

Question 29

emic

Answer 29

research strategy focusing on local explantions and meanings

Question 30

cultural consultants

Answer 30

people who teach an ethnographer about their culture

Question 31

etic

Answer 31

research strategy emphasizing the ethnographer’s explanations and categories

Question 32

genealogical method

Answer 32

using diagrams and symbols to record kin connections

Question 33

longitudinal research

Answer 33

long term study usually based on repeated visits

Question 34

functhionalism

Answer 34

approach focusing on the role of sociocultural practices in social systems

Question 35

historical particularism

Answer 35

idea (boas) that histories are not comparable, diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result

Question 36

synchronic

Answer 36

studying societies at one time

Question 37

diachronic

Answer 37

studying societies across time

Question 38

configurationalism

Answer 38

view of culture as integrated and patterned

Question 39

cultural materialism

Answer 39

idea (Harris) that cultural infrastructure determines structure and superstructure

Question 40

superorganic

Answer 40

(Kroeber) the special domain of culture, beyond the organic and inorganic realms

Question 41

agency

Answer 41

the actions of indivduals alone and in groups that create and transform culture