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SBM II December > General Stats and Odds Ratios > Flashcards

General Stats and Odds Ratios Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common types of analysis?

A

Univariate statistics
Bivariate statistics
Multivariate statistics

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2
Q

What are univariate statistics?

A
  • Frequency
  • Mean
  • Median
  • Mode
  • Standard deviation, etc.
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3
Q

What are bivariate statistics?

A

Relationship between 2 variables. Chi-square, Pearson’s correlation (r), t-test.

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4
Q

What are multivariate statistics?

A

Relationships among more than 2 variables

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5
Q

What are the four main Scales of Measurement?

A 
NOIR
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
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6
Q

What are nominal measurements?

A

Measures mere differences (ex. hometowns, gender)

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7
Q

What are ordinal measurements?

A

Measures differences + rank order (ex. place finish in a race; SES [working class, middle class, etc.], religiosity)

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8
Q

What are interval measurements?

A

Measures differences + rank order + equal distances between values of the variable (ex. IQ - few examples of these non-meaningful zero values)

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9
Q

What are ratio measurements?

A

Measures differences + rank order + equal distances between values of the variable + true, meaningful zero point (ex. income)

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10
Q

What two Scales of Measurement are categorical/dichotamous?

A

Nominal, Ordinal

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11
Q

What two Scales of Measurement are continuous?

A

Interval, Ratio

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12
Q

What is the definition and examples of Nominal?

A

2 or more categories/groups; measures differences

ex: eye color, city of birth

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13
Q

What is the definition and examples of Ordinal?

A

2 or more categories/groups with order/rank; measures differences + order
(ex: place finished in a race, SES status)

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14
Q

What is the definition and examples of Interval?

A

Numerical value measured on a continuum; measures differences + order + equal units of measurement
(ex: temperature, IQ)

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15
Q

What is the definition and examples of Ratio?

A

Numerical value measured on a continuum; measures differences + order + equal units of measurement + true/absolute zero point
(ex: height, weight)

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16
Q

What things should you keep in mind with Scales of Measurement?

A
  • How we measure phenomena is a choice (ex: race, gender)
  • Technically, the statistical test you run depends on: how your variables are measured, your research question
  • It is common for researchers to break test & measurement rules
17
Q

What statistical test is used for nominal vs. nominal measurements?

A

Chi-squared

18
Q

What statistical test is used for Nominal (2 groups only) vs. Interval or Ratio?

A

t-test

19
Q

What statistical test is used for Nominal (2 or more groups, 1 IV only) vs. Interval or Ratio?

A

One way analysis of variance (F-test) - ANOVA

20
Q

What statistical test is used for Nominal (2 or more groups, 2 or more IV) vs. Interval or Ratio?

A

Factorial design analysis of variance (F-test)

21
Q

What statistical test is used for Ordinal/Interval/Ratio vs. Ordinal/Interval/Ratio?

A

Pearson Correlation Coefficient

22
Q

What is the most common stat you’ll see with categorical outcomes?

A

Chi-Square test and accompanying p-value

-Categorical = dichotomous outcomes = yes/no values (often as %’s)

23
Q

What are quantitative outcomes also called?

A

continuous variables

24
Q

What is an example of when you’d do a Chi-Square test?

A

Ex. comparison of the % of men vs % of women who are diagnosed with major depression
Ex. Comparison of freshman, sophomore, junior and senior UMD undergrads earning at least 1 “F” letter grade.

25
Q

When is a Chi-Square test significant?

A

When P-value significant data

26
Q

What does a t-test do?

A

Another way of comparing values.

  • Checking to see if means are significantly different
  • T-test designed to compare MEANS - mean values are generally generated for continuous values
27
Q

What is the Odds Ratio (OR)?

A

Measure of association between two variables (ex. an IV and a DV)

28
Q

What is another way of defining OR?

A

“Odds” that some outcome would occur in the presence of a predictor (IV) vs. absence of the predictor

29
Q

When are Odds Ratios often discussed within medicine?

A

Case-control studies

-Though they are approbate for all kinds of categorical data

30
Q

In many studies we don’t actually know incidence data. What do we use to estimate relative risk in these cases?

A

Odds Ratio

31
Q

What does OR = 1 mean?

A

Exposure does not affect odds of outcome.

32
Q

What does OR > 1 mean?

A

Exposure associated with higher odds of outcome.

33
Q

What does OR

A

Exposure associated with lower odds of outcome.

34
Q

What is the equation for OR?

A

AD/BC

35
Q

What is A, B, C, and D?

A 
A = Disease +, RF +
B = Disease -. RF +
C = Disease +, RF-
D = Disease -, RF-

SBM II December (11 decks)

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