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D3: Spain > General Spain > Flashcards

General Spain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Grape Growing Environment of North West Spain?

A

Maritime (Atlantic Influence), High Rainfall.

Some Areas are Sheltered by Mountains and are Continental with Maritime and Mediterranean Influence

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2
Q

What is the Grape Growing Environment of South & East Spain?

A

Mediterranean; directly facing Sea, moderate climate, warm dry summers.

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3
Q

What is the Grape Growing Environment of Central Spain? (The Meseta)

A

Continental; 600-900m above sea level. Hot days, cool nights. Altitude moderates heat

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4
Q

Describe Spain’s Topography

A
  • High Plateau from N.E. Pyrenees to S.W. Andalucia.
  • Lower Ground formed by major rivers where many growing regions are found.
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5
Q

Describe Spain’s Wine Production

A
  • Largest Vineyard Plantings (964,000ha)
  • 3rd Largest Wine Producer (37.5m hL annually)
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6
Q

Describe the general vineyard management of Spain

A
  • Low-Density Bush Vines (low as 1000 vines per ha)
  • Irrigation legal but controlled by Consejo Regulador, region specific (allowed for young vines, in extreme drought, only in growing season but not ripening period)
  • Many Old Bush Vines
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7
Q

Describe the general growing environment of Spain and threats to vineyards;

A
  • Little rain in growing season, but some heavy storms (mildew risk)
  • Spring frost in continental climates
  • Grapevine moth a common pest (managed with pheromone traps)
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8
Q

Bonus Spain Vineyard Info

A
  • Many Producers are Organic but uncertified (don’t wish to pay)
  • Small vineyard holding country (68% of holdings under 0.5ha, plus 20% between 0.5-0.3ha)
  • Low mechanised region
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9
Q

Rank Most Planted Spanish Grape Varieties

A
  1. Tempranillo
  2. Airen
  3. Garnacha Tinta
  4. Macabeo
  5. Bobal
  6. Garnacha Tintorea (Alicante Bouchet)
  7. Monastrell
  8. Verdejo
  9. Pardina (Doradillo)
  10. Cabernet Sauvignon.
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10
Q

Describe Tempranillo

A
  • Black Grape Variety
  • Both Inexpensive, Fruity Wines and Most Prestigious and Expensive wines (Rioja, Ribera del Duero)
  • Medium-High Yielding
  • Limited Yields for Quality Minded producers
  • Early Ripening; fine wine in warm climates with cooling influence
  • Both Single Varietal and Blended
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11
Q

Describe Airén

A
  • White Grape
  • Mainly Planted in Castilla-La Mancha
  • Inexpensive Neutral White Wine
  • Mostly distilled into Brandy de Jerez
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12
Q

Describe Macabeo

A
  • Mainly planted in Catalunya for still wines for young drinking and Cava
  • AKA Viura in Rioja, the main white grape grape for inexpensive and premium wines.
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13
Q

Describe Garnacha Tinta

A
  • Also Grenache in Sth. Rhone
  • High Yielding, Needs warm climate to ripen
  • Late ripener
  • Suitable for bush vine training
  • Best in dry, low fertility soils
  • Drought resistant, prone to coulure, downy mildew, botrytis
  • Accumulates Sugar Quickly
  • Red & Rosé in Rioja, Navarra, Catalunya & Aragon
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14
Q

Describe Bobal

A
  • Black Grape planted by East Coast of Spain; red & rosé wines
  • Grown in Valencia & Murcia
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15
Q

Describe Monastrell

A
  • Black Grape; late budding, late ripening
  • Thrives in warm to hot climates
  • Not drought resistant; needs water-retaining soils.
  • Best pruned short and can be bush vine trained
  • Prone to mites, leaf hoppers and sour rot.
  • Prone to reduction in winery.
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16
Q

Describe Verdejo

A
  • White Grape
  • Mostly Grown in Castilla y León, particularly Rueda DO
17
Q

Describe Pardina

A
  • White Grape
  • Mostly used for Brandy de Jerez
18
Q

What are the modern Winemaking practices used in Spain for the last 40 years?

A
  • Youthful fruity red, white & rosé wines made protectively in stainless steel, temperature controlled, inoculated, stabilized with inert gas, fined, and filtered.
  • Some carbonic and semi-carbonic used for fruitiness
    -Premium red & whites use temperature-controlled stainless steel for ferment
    Some use concrete, eggs, and amphora.
  • Oak common for mid-priced wines and above.
  • White wines both oaked and un-oaked, lees stored post ferment
19
Q

What is the National Aging Legislation

A
  • 4 Categories
  • Generic: No Requirement
  • Crianza: 24m total, 6m in barrel (red)
    18m total, 6m in barrel (white & rosé)
  • Reserva: 36m total, 12m in barrel (red)
    24m total, 6m in barrel (white & rosé)
  • Gran Reserva: 60m total, 18m in barrel (red)
    48m total, 6m in barrel (white & rosé)
  • Regional DOs can be stricter
  • Max size of Oak: 330L
20
Q

Other Aging Legislation bits

A
  • It’s Controversial:
  • Automatic hierarchy of excellence (Gran Reserva = best)
  • Doesn’t describe quality, misleads consumers
  • Many abstain from it, chosing ‘Joven’ for young, low oak wines and ‘Roble’ for oaked wines.
21
Q

What is the Oak use across Spain?

A
  • Traditionally American Oak from trade ties & cheap in comparison to french
  • Use of French Oak rising, in DOs llike Penedes, Priorat, Ribera del Duero
  • Winemakers often use both or either depending on the wines style.
22
Q

Describe the rosé and rosado wines across Spain

A
  • Widely made in many regions; a lot of inexpensive and bulk
  • Increasing V Good quality at mid - premium price points.
  • Increased knowledge on vineyard management, harvesting times & winemaking
  • Moving toward pale Provencial rosé and lower in alchohol
  • Still many fruity, dark, traditional styles.
  • Mostly stainless steel, but premium made in oak and lees aged.
  • Black and White Rosé wines - notably Bodegas Lopez de Heredia - are traditional, and complex from age and oak maturation.
23
Q

What is DO and DOCa/DOQ

A

DO, DOCa/ DOQ: Denominacion de Origen.
- Vast Majority of plantings
- 70 DOs
- Only 2 DOCa/DOQ (Calificada/Qualificada); Rioja & Priorat
- DOCa/DOQ must be 10 years old, bottled at the producers property and go through a tasting assessment.

24
Q

What is Vino de Pago (VP)

A

VP: Vino de Pago
- Small number of single estates with High Reputations, mostly in Castilla-La Mancha, Navarra, Valencia & Aragon
- Own grapes only, vinified and matured on estate
Within PDO category

25
Q

What is Vino de la Tierra (VT)

A
  • PGI Wines
  • 40 VTs across spain, largest being Castilla
26
Q

Explain the role of the Consejo Regulador

A
  • Controlling Body
  • Sets Max Yields, permitted grape varieties, vineyard practices (irrigation), winemaking (ageing requirements),
  • Packaging regulations are also enforced; within region bottling specified for Rioja & Priorat, but not others like La Mancha, allowing wine to be shipped in bulk
27
Q

Describe the makeup of the producer landscape in Spain

A
  • Production Dominated by Co-operatives due to tiny landholdings.
  • Negociants common in some regions
  • Most Wine Estates are small volume
  • Many large wine businesses ( J. Garcia Carrion, Pernod Riccard, Miguel Torres) - many with several wineries across Spain
28
Q

Describe the domestic consumption and export of Spainish wine

A
  • low domestic consumption (10.3m hL), trend to higher quality wines
  • World’s largest exporter (23m hL)
  • Lowest price per litre average in the world
  • 56% of wine exported was bulk
  • Very few super premium wines, not an investment wine region
  • France and Germany biggest export markets by volume
  • USA, Germany & UK highest by value

D3: Spain (21 decks)

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