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Radiology VCS845 > General Skull / Spine > Flashcards

General Skull / Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Atlanto-Axial subluxation

A
  • Toy breed dogs < 1 year of age
  • Dorsal angulationo f the dens
  • Pathogenesis:
    • Dens agenesis/hypoplasia
    • Ligament agenesis
    • Dens Fracture
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2
Q

Atlanto-Axial Subluxation:

Radiographic Finding

A

caudodorsal angulation of C2

small or absent dens

may need oblique lateral view or mildly flexed lateral

Caution must be taken with neck flexion

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3
Q

Atlanto-axial Instability:

Hypoplastic dens

A
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4
Q

Spinal Trauma

A

Subluxations / luxations / fractures / rotation

Fractures may be minimally displaced

Multiple views of excellent quality

Pathological fractures

Myelography / CT / MRI

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5
Q

Spinal Trauma:

Compression Fracture

A

The compressed vertebra will be smaller than its adjacent vertebra

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6
Q
A

Spinal Trauma:

Fracture Luxation

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7
Q

Degenerative spinal conditions

A

spondylosis

Spondylarthrosis

Disc herniation

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8
Q

Spondylosis

A
  • degenerative disease of the spine
  • “Bony spurs” ventral/lateral aspect of adjacent vertebral bodies
  • Varying degree → may progress to fusion
  • May impinge on i/v foramina if severe
  • Essentially degenerative joint disease around the vertebral joints
  • Primary:
    • usually not clinically significant, unless progresses to nerve root involvement
    • at the lumbar-sacral region can indicate cauda equina
  • Secondary to:
    • CVI, disc herniation, discospondylitis, trauma, disc fenestration, hemivertebrae
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9
Q

Spondylarthrosis

A

DJD of articulation facets

Older dogs

Can extend to involve the IVF or impinge on spinal cord

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10
Q
A

Spondylarthrosis

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11
Q

Intervertebral Disc Disease

A
  • Traumatic or Degenerative
  • Degenerative especially young chondrodysplastic breeds / older other breeds
  • TL and C spine most commonly
  • Neurological exam critical
  • Excellent quality radiographs needed
  • Rare in cats (Traumatic)
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12
Q

Lumbosacral Disease

A
  • Instability/ subluxation
  • Disc extrusion / protrusion
  • Spondylarthrosis
  • Osteochondritis dissecans
  • Neoplasia
  • Together or independently result in compression of the cauda Equina
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13
Q

Lumbosacral Disease:

Radiographic findings

A

may need flexed, hyperextended and neurtral laterals

Distinguish dynamic disease

Narrowed LS space

LS spondylosis often seen in dogs without clinical signs

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14
Q
A

lumbosacral disease

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15
Q

Discospondylitis

A
  • Infection of the intervertebral discs and end plates
    • Bacterial
    • Fungal
  • Medical work up to identify the underlying cause
  • Radiograph WHOLE vertebral column
    • multiple sites
    • different stages
    • Repeat every 2-3 weeks to monitor healing
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16
Q

Discospondylitis:

Radiographic findings

A
  • Earliest sign = decreased width of I/V disc space
  • Early Stage:
    • increased width of i/v disc spaces a.r.o lysis of end plate
    • Sclerosis of adjacent vertebral bodies
  • Later Stage:
    • spondylosis
    • Lytic area fills up with bone → fusion
    • Complications
      • spinal cord compression
      • Empyema
17
Q
A

discospondylitis

18
Q

Spondylitis

A

Inflammation of the vertebral body

  • Causes:
    • bacterial
    • Parasitic
    • Foreign body
    • Metastatic neoplasia
19
Q

Why is L3-L4 more commonly affected by migrating grass awns than other vertebra?

A
20
Q
A

spondylitis

21
Q

Common indications for skull xrays

A

Dental radiography

Aural

Nasal and frontal sinuses

Temporomandibular joints

Trauma to the skull

Neoplastic conditions

22
Q

Abnormalities of the ears

A
  • Acute:
    • no radiographic changes
  • Chronic:
    • mineralization of the ear canals or increase soft tissue opacity
    • Narrowing of the ear canals
    • Thickening of hte tympanic bulla with chronic middle ear disease
    • Severe infections or neoplasia can cause lysis of the tympanic bulla
23
Q
A

Chronic otitis externa with mineralized ear canals

24
Q
A

Chronic otits externa with narrowed ear canals

25
Q
A

Chronic Otitis media with thickened bulla

26
Q

Nasal DIsease

A
  • Cause:
    • neoplasia
    • Infection
    • Foreign Body
    • Non specific non infectious inflammation
  • Clinical signs:
    • stertor / stridor
    • History of nasal discharge
    • Facial deformity
27
Q

Neoplasia

A

most intracranial tumors cause no calvarial change

Soft tissue tumors may erode bone

Tumors of dental origin

Primary bone tumor

Radiology VCS845 (6 decks)

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