General Review Flashcards
The study of human behavior
Psychology
Two units regarded as a pair
Dyad
Common traits or patterns found in all cultures of mankind
Cultural Universal
An adaptive maneuver characterized by an inability or unwillingness to set with the aim of asserting or sustaining individual control, autonomy, or self-esteem
Resistance
A social prohibition of certain actions
Taboo
A behavior which dictates that one must abstain from certain acts
Taboo
Anything to which socially created meaning is given
Symbol
The state or quality of being mobile
Mobility
The ability to move from place to place readily, or to move from class to class, either up or down
Mobility
An organization, public or private, which endorses the practice of conducting funeral rites without the body of the deceased present
Memorial Society
A funeral rite held without the body present
Memorial Symptoms
A set of symptoms associated with loss
Grief Syndrome - Lindemann
The ability to enter into and share the feelings of others
Empathy - Wolfelt
A syndrome characterized by the presence of grief in anticipation of death or loss
Anticipatory grief
The actual death comes as a confirmation of knowledge of a life-limiting condition
Anticipatory grief
A term to describe the experience of grief, especially in young bereaved parents, where mourning customs are unclear due to an inappropriate death and the absence of prior bereavement experience
Anomic Grief
Typical in a society that has attempted to minimize the impact of death through medical control of disease and social control of those who deal with the dying and the dead
Anomic grief
Blame directed toward another person
Anger
Helping people facilitate uncomplicated grief to a healthy completion of the tasks of grieving within a reasonable time frame
Grief Counseling
An emotion or set of emotions due to a loss
Grief
Expressing a thought or idea in an alternate and sometimes shortened form
Paraphrasing
A strong emotion characterized by sudden and extreme fear
Panic
Choice of actions provided through counseling as a means of solving the counselee’s dilemma
Option
That which is expressed by posture, facial expression, actions, or physical behavior
Non-Verbal Communication
Adjustment, motivational in nature, to be achieved
Goals
The ability to present one’s self sincerely
Genuineness - Wolfelt
The study of human behavior as related to funeral service
Funeral Service Psychology
An all inclusive term used to encompass all funerals and/or memorial services
Funeral Rite
Historically an inn for travelers, especially one kept by a religious order
Hospice
Concept designed to treat patients with a life-limiting condition
Hospice
The killing of one human being by another
Homicide
Blame directed toward one’s self based on real or unreal conditions
Guilt
An organized, flexible, purposeful, group centered, time limited response to death which reflects reverence, dignity, and respect
Funeral Rite
Support or support system provided to the counselee who is seeking an alternative adjustment to problems
Guidance
The state of being prevented from attaining a purpose; thwarted
Frustration
The blocking of satisfaction by some kind of obstacle
Frustration
Centering a clients thinking and feelings on the situation causing a problem and assisting the person in choosing the behavior or adjustment to solve the problem
Focusing
Strong emotion marked by such reactions as alarm, dread, and disquiet
Fear
The defense mechanism by which a person is unable or refuses to see things as they are because such facts are threatening to the self
Denial
A learned tendency to respond to people, objects, or institutions in a positive or negative way
Attitude
Giving undivided attention by means of verbal and non-verbal behavior
Attending - Listening
A choice of services and merchandise as families make a selection and complete funeral arrangements
Alternatives
Formulating different actions in adjusting to a crisis
Alternatives
The state of estrangement an individual feels in social settings that are viewed as foreign, unpredictable, or unacceptable
Alienation
The tendency in human beings to make strong affectional bonds with others coming from the need for security and safety
Attachment Theory - Bowlby
Interventions for a highly emotional, temporary state in which individuals overcame by feelings of anxiety, grief, confusion, or pain are unable to act in a realistic normal manner
Crisis Counseling
Intentional response which helps an individual in a crisis situation
Crisis Counseling
Fear or anxiety caused by the sudden realization of danger
Alarm
The intentional infliction of physical or psychological harm on another
Aggression
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS
According to client centered counseling, the necessary quality of a counselor being in touch with reality and with others’ perception of one’s self
Congruence
Grief extending over a long period of time without resolve
Complicated Grief
A general term for the exchange of information, feelings, thoughts, and acts between two or more people, including both verbal and non-verbal aspects of this interchange
Communication
A family government where the mother or female possesses power and the right of decision making
Matriarchal Family
A must behavior of a people enforced by those elected govern
Law
A rule of action prescribed by an authority able to enforce its will
Law
The offspring or children of a specific set of parents
Issue
The change from individual crafting of products to the manufacturing of goods through mass production
Industrialization
To assist understanding of the circumstances of situations an individual is experiencing and to assist that person in the selection of an alternative adjustment if necessary
Facilitate
Persons are usually conscious of the relationship of the reaction to the death, but the reaction to the current experience is excessive and disabling
Exaggerated Grief - Worden
The study of death
Thanatology
A process involving all activities associated with final disposition
Funeralization
Sincere feelings for the person who is trying to adjust to a serious loss
Sympathy
Two or more people, unrelated by either blood or marriage who are sharing living quarters together
Co-Habitants
A grouping of people with similar socioeconomic status
Class
A division of a culture, connected to a larger culture by common traits, while having unique traits of its own
Subcultures
Any action performed during a rite which may or may not have symbolic meaning to the participants or observers of the action
Ceremony (ritual)
Inhibited, suppressed, or postponed response to a loss
Delayed Grief - Worden
A governing system characterized by specialization, hierarchy, formal rules, impersonality, and a specialized administrative staff
Bureaucratization
A family unit consisting of one male and one female, their children together, and any children from previous marriages
Blended Family
Blocking of threatening material from consciousness
Repression
Existential statements about the physical and social world
Beliefs
A situation in which a person or entity is unknown
Anonymity
A household unit consisting of one mother, one father, all their unmarried children, their sons, sons’ wives, and their children
Extended (Joint) Family
The belief that one’s own race, nation, group or culture is superior to all others
Ethnocentrism
A group of people who are recognized as a distinct group on the basis of such characteristics as language, ancestry, or religion
Ethnic
A defense mechanism used in grief to return to more familiar and often more primitive modes of coping
Regression
A rite performed with the body present
Funeral
Dealing with agriculture; farm based
Agrarian
The locale of the extended (joint) family system
Agrarian
The movement of families away from where they were born
Neo-localism
Must behavior
Mores
Rules of behavior which are considered vital to the welfare of the group and accompanied by relatively severe sections
Mores
Those appropriate and helpful acts of counseling that come after the funeral
Aftercare (post-funeral counseling)
Behaviors which when violated carry only informal sanctions such as scolding or ridicule
Folkways
A statement or action which creates anxiety in an individual’s life
Threat
An irrational, exaggerated fear of death
Thanatophobia
A learned emotional response to death-related phenomena which is characterized by extreme apprehension
Death Anxiety
The emotional attitude that recognizes other cultures as equivalent and pertinent
Cultural Relativism
The reduction of a dead human remains to its essential inorganic elements by use of fire
Cremation
Feelings and their expression
Affect
The individual’s ability to adjust to the psychological and emotional changes brought on by a stressful event such as the death of a significant other
Adaptation
Living or happening in the same period
Contemporary
Behavioral patterns which are observable by others
Overt Conduct
A highly emotional temporary state in which an individuals feelings of anxiety, grief, confusion, or pain impair his or her ability to act
Crisis
The individual providing assistance and guidance
Counselor
A rite adjusted to the needs of the family or the trends of the time
Adaptive Funeral Rite
A process by which a person learns the norms of his culture by observation of others in his or her society
Indirect Learning
The intense physical and emotional expression of grief occurring as the awareness increases of a loss of someone or something significant
Acute Grief
Grief extending over a long period of time without resolution
Abnormal Grief
The study of social groups, their modes of organization, the process which tend to maintain or change these forms, and the relationships between the groups
Sociology
A group of persons forming a single community with some interests in common
Society
The categorization of people according to their attainment or lack of attainment of finances or social status
Social Stratification
Making judgments about ourselves through comparison with others
Social Comparison
Related to specific situations in life that may create crises and produce human pain and suffering
Situational Counseling
Adds another dimension to the giving of information in that it deals with significant feelings that are produced by life crises
Situational Counseling
Any disposition of a dead human body, either by means of burial or cremation, with no form of funeral rite at the time of disposition
Immediate Disposition
A funeral rite that is in essence devoid of religious connotation
Humanistic Funeral Rite
An act or practice of allowing the death of persons suffering from a life limiting condition
Euthanasia (Right to Die)
A family unit that is made up of a married man and woman and their children
Nuclear Family
The reaction of the body to an event
Shock
Often experienced emotionally as a sudden, violent, and upsetting disturbance
Shock
The assumption of blame directed toward one’s self by others
Shame
Those funeral rites which deviate from the normal or prescribed circumstances of established customs
Non-traditional Funeral Rite
The outward expression or display of mood or feeling states
Emotional Expression
Preoccupied and intense thoughts about the deceased
Searching
Any act that is charged with symbolic content
Ritual
A compelling need by which the individual attempts to restore inner psychological equilibrium, uniting past, present, and future in the cycle from loss and the fear of loss to acceptance
Restitution
A form of family government where the father, or male, possesses the power and right of decision making
Patriarchal Family
Counseling in which a counselor shares a body of special information with a counselee
Informational Counseling
A relatively stable system of determining tendencies within an individual
Personality
A deliberate attempt to change attitudes of belief with information and arguments
Persuasion
Accepting the client or counselee as he or she is, without imposing judgments or stipulations
Positive Regard - Carl Rogers
Negative attitude towards others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group
Prejudice
Spoken, oral communication
Verbal Communication
Any event capable of producing physical or emotional stress
Stressor
Any time someone helps someone else with a problem
Counseling - Jackson
Feelings such as happiness, anger, grief, created by brain patterns accompanied by bodily changes
Emotions
Guilt felt by family and friends after death
Survivor Guilt
Good communication within and between people
Counseling - Rogers
Good, free communication between people people is always therapeutic
Counseling - Rogers
A therapeutic experience for reasonable healthy persons
Counseling - Ohlsen
Occurs when persons experience symptoms and behaviors which cause them difficulty, but do not see or recognize the fact that these are related to the loss
Masked Grief - Worden
The rite of finality in a funeral service preceding cremation, earth burial, entombment, or burial at sea
Committal Service
The study of death, derived from the name Thanatos, Greek god of death
Thanatology
The acquiring of the culture by a person through deliberate instruction by other members of that society
Direct Learning
A relation of harmony, conformity, accord, or affinity established in any human interaction
Rapport
The belief that the created is reunited with the creator at death
Doctrine of Atonement
Supplying a logical, socially acceptable reason rather than the real reason for an action
Rationalization
A form of family government which holds that both male and female have equal voice in governing
Egalitarian
Those funeral rites that follow a prescribed ritual which may be dictated either by religious beliefs or social customs
Traditional Funeral Rite
Any event, person, or object that lessens the degree of pain in grief
Mitigation
The change from rural to urban areas
Urbanization
A family unit made up of one adult, either male or female, and their children
Single Parent Family
Redirection of emotion to culturally or socially useful purposes
Sublimation
The sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant which remains unexplained after complete autopsy and a review of the circumstances around the death
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
A deliberate act of killing oneself
Suicide
A medical doctor with a specialty in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
Psychiatrist
Arrangements between a funeral establishment and family which designates details of a funeral service, including the selection of merchandise, prior to the death of the person
Pre-Need Programs
The ability to be considerate and friendly as demonstrated by both verbal and non-verbal behaviors
Warmth and Caring - Wolfelt
A defense mechanism in which anger is redirected toward a person or object other than the one who provided the anger originally
Displaced Aggression
Treating members of various social groups differently in circumstances where their rights or treatment should be identical
Discrimination
Counselor takes a live speaking role, asking questions, suggesting courses of action, etc
Directive Counseling
The upward and downward movement of a person or family within the social classes of their society
Social Mobility
The process by which a person learns the social values of a society
Enculturation (Socialization)
An adjustment process that involves grief or sorrow over a period of time and helps in the reorganization of the life of an individual following a loss or death of someone loved
Mourning
The process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior satisfying psychological or psychosocial needs
Motivation
A culturally entrenched pattern of behavior made up of:
- Sacred beliefs
- Emotional feeling accompanying beliefs
- Overt conduct presumably implementing the beliefs and feelings
Religion
Any event performed in a solemn and prescribed manner
Rite
The ability to communicate the belief that everyone possesses the capacity and right to choose alternatives and make decisions
Respect - Wolfelt
The act or event of separation or loss that results in the experience of grief
Bereavement
An unsuccessful attempt made by a person to end his or her own life
Suicidal Gesture
Thoughts of ending ones life
Suicidal Ideation
A brief review of points covered in a portion of the counseling session
Summary
An event which allows those who have something in common with each other to deal with one another in regard to that which they share in common
Social Function
A more or less conscious postponement of addressing anxiety and concern
Suppression
Excessive in duration and never comes to a satisfactory conclusion
Chronic Grief
Ceremonies centering around transition in life from one status to another
Rites of Passage
A social behavior which is considered to be normal and is based on tradition
Customs
Redirection of emotion to other targets
Displacement
Attribution of one’s unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to someone else
Projection
That counseling which occurs before death
Pre-Need Counseling
Life events and minor hassles that extert pressure or strain
Stress
Advice, especially that given as a result of consultation
Counseling - Webster
The individual seeking assistance or guidance
Counselee
A death has occurred and the funeral director is counseling with the family as they select the services and items of merchandise in completing arrangements for the funeral service of their choice
At-Need Counseling
A phenomenon that occurs when an individual’s performance improves because of the presence of others
Social Facilitation
A process occurring with loss, aimed at loosening the attachment to the dead for reinvestment in the living
Griefwork - Lindemann
A state of tension, typically characterized by rapid heartbeat and shortness of breath
Anxiety
An emotion characterized by a vague fear or premonition that something undesirable is going to happen
Anxiety
Characteristic ways of responding to stress
Coping
The outward expression or display of mood or feelings
Emotion
Unconscious, irrational means used by the ego to defend against anxiety
Ego Defense Mechanisms
A document which governs the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment from an individual in the event of an incurable or irreversible condition that will cause death within a relatively short time, and which such a person is no longer able to make decisions regarding his/her medical treatment
Living Will
Social attraction to another person
Interpersonal Attraction
Specialized techniques which are used to help people with complicated grief reactions
Grief Therapy - Worden
Detailed examples of adjustments, choices, or alternatives available to the client or counselee from which a course of action may be selected
Illustrating
A set of knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and rules for behavior that are held commonly within a society
Culture
The science of vital statistics, or of births, deaths, marriages, etc of a population
Demographic
A specific method or procedure used to comply with a folkway, mores, and/or law
Rule
The study of the origins and consequences of thoughts, memories, beliefs, perceptions, explanations, and other mental processes
Cognitive
Type of counseling where one comes actively and voluntarily to gain help on a problem, but without any notion of surrendering his own responsibility for the situation
Client-Centered Counseling - Rogers
Non-directive method for counseling which stresses inherent worth of the client and the natural capacity for growth
Client-Centered Counseling - Rogers
A family unit created by two or more nuclear families or friendships
Modified Extended Family
Of, or characteristic of the present or recent times
Modern
Not ancient, often used to designate certain contemporary tendencies
Modern
Intervention with people whose needs are so specific that usually they can only be met by specially trained physicians or psychologists
Psychotherapy - Jackson
Practitioners need special training because they often work with deeper levels of consciousness
Psychotherapy - Jackson
