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Neurology 2 > General Review > Flashcards

General Review Flashcards

1
Q

Cingulate herniation under falx cerebri

compresses?

A

ACA

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2
Q

Downward transtentorial herniation (central)
compresses?
Sx?

A

Brainstem, can cause impaired vertical gaze, bilateral miosis, –> coma/ death

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3
Q

Classical uncal herniation can cause?

A

ipsilateral CN IIII palsy

contra/ipsi hemiparesis

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4
Q

Cerebellar tonisillar herniation thru foramen magnum can cause?

A

respiratory depression

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5
Q

brain tumor - adults
GFAP+
Butterfly glioma, crosses corpus callosum

A

Glioblastoma Multiform

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6
Q

Brain tumor
Arise from arachnoid cells, usually benign, resectable, spindle cells in a whirled pattern w/ calcifications, = psommoma bodies

A

Meningioma

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7
Q

Brain tumor
S100+, a/wNF-2
presents w/ hearing loss/ tinnitis, ataxia, dizziness

A

Schwannomas

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8
Q

Brain tumor
Frontal lobes, rare, slow growing
Chicken wire capillaries, fried egg cells, often calcified

A

Oligodendroglioma

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9
Q

MC locations for pediatric brain tumors?

A

cerebellum and brainstem

Infratentorial > supratentorial > midline

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10
Q

Infratentorial tumors cause ICP because?

A

compression of 4rth ventricle

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11
Q 
MC childhood brain tumor
most in the posterior fossa
hyalinization of blood vessels 
BRAF: cerebellar 
V600E: extra-cerebellar
A

pilocytic astrocytoma

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12
Q 
Highly malignant childhood brain tumor 
Primitive neuroectoderm 
can compress 4rth ventricle > increasing ICP 
can send drop mets 
Homer Write rosettes
A

Medulloblastoma

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13
Q

Perivascular pseudorossettes int he 4rth ventricle
Rod shaped plepharaplasts
Poor prognosis

A

Ependymoma

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14
Q

cerebellar tumor
a/w VHL, retinal angiomas
Can produce EPO
Foamy cells, high vascularity

A

Hemangioblastoma

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15
Q

Rathke’s pouch, calcification

MC supratentorial tumor

A

Craniopharynioma

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16
Q

Pain transmission in migraine:
CN?
Nucleus?
Release of what causes what?

A

CN V1 - innervates dura, meninges, cerebral arteries/ veins
CN VII: Superior Salivatory Nucleus: vasodilation’

Increase in CGRP acts on CRL receptor causing mast cell degranulation and vasodilation

17
Q

Extreme severe headache over one eye, conjunctival injection, rhinorrhea, non-pulsing

Acute tx: oxygen, sumatriptan (blocks CRGP release)

A

cluster headache

18
Q

Bandlike/ occipital, steady, no photo/phono phobia

A

Tension

19
Q

Light inhibits the retinal ganglion cells w/ melanopsin

Darkness stimulates the retinal ganglion cells which signal the?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (Master clock)

20
Q

Master clock signals?

A

Paraventrcular nucleus –> SNS in superior cervical ganglion –> pineal gland to release melatonin into the brainstem

21
Q

Awake brain activity

A

alpha and beta

22
Q

stage 1 & 2 sleep

A

theta, sleep spindles

23
Q

Stage 3 & 4 sleep

A

delta, increased amplidude

24
Q

frequency > 13 Hz

A

Beta (cholinergic)

25
Q

frequency 8-13 Hz

A

Alpha

26
Q

frequency 4-7

A

Theta

27
Q

frequency <4

A

Delta

28
Q

REM sleep components

A

Beta and Theta
increases in frequency & duration toward the morning
lost as we age

29
Q

Cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT
Active?
Inactive?

A

Active in wakefulness and REM sleep
Not active in NREM
Beta waves

30
Q

Noradrenergic: Locus cereleus

A

Neurons most active in wakefulness, some in NREM sleep, none in REM sleep

31
Q

DA neurons

A

Active during wakefulness

SIlent during REM

32
Q

Seratonergic neurons from raphe nucleus:

A

Wake: highest activity

NREM: some

REM: none

33
Q

Histaminergic

Tuberomamillary nucleus

A

Wake: highest
NREM: some
REM: none

34
Q

Orexin/ Hypocretn
Lateral hypothalamus
Suprachiasmatic/ paraventricular nucleus (light/dark)

A

excitatory, increases wakefulness

Narcopleptics have decreased orexin

35
Q

Role of VPLO?

A

Inhibits nuclei that promote arousal

Lesions of the VPLO > insomnia

Neurology 2 (7 decks)

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