General Respiratory Syndromes

Question 1

Common Cold

Answer 1

acute viral infection of upper respiratory tract with inflammation. can lead to sinusitis, ottis media, asthma

PATIENT: nasal discharge/obstruction, sneezing, sore throat, cough, slight fever/chilly sensation

• Rhinoviruses,
• coronaviruse,
• parainfluenza,
• respiratory syncytial virus,
• influenza virus,
• adenovirus,
• metapneumovirus

Question 2

Pharyngitis

Answer 2

Nasopharynx-oropharynx-laryngopharynx inflammation,

PATIENT: sore throat, dysphagia, fever, headache, enlarged lymph nodes/glands, postnasal drip, can be purulent, can have dyspnea

• adenovirus,
• coxsackie virus,
• espstein barr virus,
• strep pyogenes,
• corynebacterium diptheria

Question 3

Sinusitis

Answer 3

usually follow a viral infection or tooth extraction. inflammation and obstruction of sinuses due to pus accumulation.

PATIENT: fever headache, facial pain, tenderness, swelling/pressure around eyes,cheecks,nose,forehead. Thick coloured post nasal drainage or nasal discharge. congested nasal passaged, loss sense smell and taste. Cough halitosis (bad breath) frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

• strep pneumoniae,
• haemophilus influenzae,
• moraxella catarrhalis,
• pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 4

Otitis Media

Answer 4

usually follow a viral infection inflammation and obstruction of middle ear (thru eustachian tube) due to pus accumulation.

PATIENT: fever, otalgia, bulding tympanic membrane, effusion, sharp pain and temporary loss of hearing. vomitting

• strep pneumoniae,
• haemophilus influenzae,
• moraxella catarrhalis,
• pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 5

Laryngotracheobronchitis

Answer 5

Croup

naso-oro-laryngo.pharynx to esophagus or larynx then trachea contains vocal cords respiratory obstruction due to swelling,

PATIENT: dyspnea, hoarsness, *seal bark* cough, inspiratory stridor (high pitched harsh vibrating sound). symptoms worse when laying down 3mth to 5yr old children. chest retractions on breathing, prolonged ins/expirations, wheezing, subglottic obstruction (cavity of the larynx below true vocal cords).

Xray: steeple sign narrowing of the upper trachea

• parainfluenza virus,
• RSV,
• measels,
• adenovirus,
• influenza virus.

Question 6

Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis

Answer 6

inflammation of the bronchial tubes.

PATIENT: fever, cough, sputum production, laboured breathing, wheezing, sore throat, runny nose, headache, mucscle aches, extreme fatigue.

• RSV (espeially young children)
• parainfluenza,
• influenza,
• mycoplasma pneumonia,
• chlamydophilia pneumoniae

Question 7

Pneumonia

Answer 7

infection of the alveoli or alveolar wall which can involve interstitial tissue.

• typical: rapid onset (24/48hrs) high fever, dyspnea, shaking chills, chest pain, productive cough (no blood). Xray dense consolidation, wheeses and crack
• Atypical: gradual onset. low grade fever, chills, paroxysmal cough no sputum. Xray vague, ill define patchy consolidation classification
• Lobular: Strep pneumonia, Klebsiella
• Broncho: Staph, Strep, H. Influenzae, pseudomonas Aeruginosa
• Lung abcess: Staph Aureus, Klebsiella
• Atypical: Mycoplasma, influenza virus, parainfluenza, RSV, adenovirus, CMV, varricella.